Chavín culture, Peru. The immense temple complex near the village of Chavín de Huántar, behind the Cordillera Blanca, where these relief slabs are found, gave its name to a culture whose influence can be traced over a wide area and in later cultural forms, so that it may, with some justification, be described as a ‘mother culture’. Recurring motifs include the jaguar or hybrid creatures combining big cats, snakes and condors, as well as warriors with predator’s teeth, condor’s talons and snake’s hair (this image) or hair adorned with condor heads. - Book: Picture 45 - Peru - 1976

In the dazzling light of the waves, Inti, the Inca sun god, sinks into the waters of the Pacific … – 1969

Cuzco, situated at 3,500 metres above sea level and known as the ‘Navel of the World’, was founded by the Incas around 1100 AD. In 1536, the conquistadors destroyed the city and rebuilt it in the Spanish style, making use of many Inca foundations. Thus, the buildings themselves clearly illustrate the coexistence and simultaneity of two peoples and cultures, as is evident in the colourful street scene. The vast majority of the 120,000 inhabitants, however, are still indigenous people. Cuzco is the starting point for visits to most of the major Inca sites such as Pisac, Machu Picchu, Ollantaytambo and Sacsayhuamán, but it also boasts magnificent examples of Spanish colonial architecture: the cathedral, the Jesuit church of La Merced, the churches of Santo Domingo – built on the site of the ancient Inca sun temple – and Belén de los Reyes. During the reconstruction following the 1950 earthquake, efforts were made to restore the churches to their original appearance from before 1650. - Book: Picture 80 - Peru - 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

A kero, a wooden ritual cup from the early colonial period (height 19.5 cm). The colourful illustrations in the style of the chronicler Huamán Poma de Ayala depict the Inca on his golden throne holding keros – on this side, however, only two warriors with spears and shields can be seen. The graphic representations on the central ring are interpreted as tocapus or a form of writing. Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru. - Book: Picture 128 - Peru - 1976

A typical vessel of Inca culture, a so-called Type A aryballos (height 34 cm, mid-13th century) in the Coastal Inca style from the Ica Valley. The paintings vary depending on the region. Museo Regional de Ica, Peru - Book: Picture 123 - Peru - 1976

A 3.700 m de altitud se alzan las cuatro terrazas de Tampu Machay, el «baño del Inca». Unos nichos trapezoidales adornan el «templo del agua» más elegante, que servía para la purificación ritual del monarca y su esposa, la Coya, con motivo de su unión ritual. – Cuzco – Perú – 1969

Three kilometres from Cuzco stands the huge rock of the Kenko sanctuary, which is covered with grooves, jagged edges, steps, altars and animal symbols. In the centre of the magnificent amphitheatre, surrounded in a fan-shaped arrangement by 19 niches or seats, stood a stone totem in the shape of a seated puma. – Peru – 1976

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The famous Inca ruin city of Machu Picchu, photographed from the opposite peak of Huayna Picchu. On the left, on the hillside, you can see the winding road (Carretera Hiram Bingham) along which buses climb up from Aguas Calientes. The photograph looks south from the higher slopes of Huayna Picchu towards the ridge below, on which stands the citadel of Machu Picchu. The agricultural terraces and stone buildings of the historic Inca site lie at an altitude of around 2,430 metres. – 1976

Completely hidden from view from the bottom of the wild Urubamba Valley, the ‘lost city’ of Machu Picchu stands enthroned on an impregnable granite pedestal at a dizzying altitude of 2,500 metres, in the shadow of Huayna Picchu. It remained hidden for 400 years until the American explorer Hiram Bingham miraculously rediscovered it in 1911. – 1976

Along the partly restored Barracas of the former farmers, 100 stairs with more than 3000 steps run down the slope. They connect 260 palaces, temples, sanctuaries, thermal baths, sacrificial altars, caves of mummies and "hanging gardens" and make Machu Picchu a "stone poem". . . a challenge of nature ... an unfathomable secret. - 1976

In the idyllic ‘Eden’ of the tropical sacred valley of the Incas, the great ruined city of Pisac, one of the ‘capitals’ of the empire, stands at an altitude of 3,100 metres. Around thirty residences of the finest architecture surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the worship of the sun. – 1969

The central ceremonial area known as Intihuatana within the Parque Arqueológico de Písac in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Peru. The most striking feature in this area is the semi-circular, D-shaped wall in the top right-hand corner of the picture. It encloses the sacred Intihuatana stone. In Quechua, the term means ‘place where the sun is tied’. It is a pillar hewn from natural rock which served the Incas as a precise solar compass, an astronomical observatory and a ritual altar for determining solstices and harvest cycles. The precise stonemasonry (masonry of finely hewn pink granite without mortar) clearly distinguishes this royal and religious precinct from the simpler residential or military structures in the rest of the fortress. – 1976

A campesino from the village of San Antonio de Chuca, Arequipa Department, Peru. The ear-flapped hat, known as a ‘chullo’, protects against the often biting cold of the Altiplano. Occasionally, the indigenous people wear a hat over the chullo to shield themselves from the glaring sun. - Book: Picture 82 - Peru - 1969

This photograph shows a ceremony for Pachamama, which was held at 4 am at -17 °C. The offerings consist of coca leaves, salt, brandy, chicha, cigarettes and food (Puno Department, Peru). - Book: Picture 111 - Peru - 1969

The Ponce Monolith is a well-preserved stele, carved from a single block of andesite, situated in the inner courtyard of the Kalasasaya Temple at the pre-Inca archaeological site of Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) in Bolivia. The statue features delicate, complex geometric and zoomorphic reliefs (such as sun, fish and condor motifs) as well as a mask-like facial form. The monolith is named after the Bolivian archaeologist Carlos Ponce Sanginés, who uncovered it in 1957. – Bolivia – 1976

This is one of the unusual gateways featuring the stepped meanders of Iñakuyu, the palace and temple of the maidens on the Moon Island. 2,000 male and female servants of the moon goddess Quilla tended this silver-clad sanctuary and cultivated the terraced fields. The Inca vestal virgins spun their precious vicuña wool there and wove it together with hummingbird feathers and gold. – Bolivia – 1976

The world-famous Takesi Trail (Camino Precolombino Takesi) in Bolivia, one of the best-preserved sections of the pre-Columbian Inca Trail within the historic road network. The perfectly laid, flat paving stones and drainage channels were originally constructed by the Tiwanaku and Inca cultures. They protect the steep mountainside from severe erosion caused by rainwater. The highest point of the Inca Trail is the windswept Apacheta Takesi Pass, which runs at a spectacular altitude of 4,640 metres right alongside the snow-capped flanks of Mount Mururata. The photograph shows the paved ascent to this mountain pass. – Bolivia – 1976

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