Algeria - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n’Ajjer) – Odd "ship shape". However, the floatability is not proved.

Venice - California

Two elegant women dominate a world full of mysterious characters and animals (Tan-Zoumaïtak site, Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria).

The Tsimshian may have been the first to make raven dance rattles. This example represents a widely disseminated model: On the back of a raven sits a man whose tongue is being pulled out by a frog, which is, in turn, being seized by a kingfisher. The underside of the rattle shows a hawk. "Underside" is incorrect insofar as this was the side which was on top when a chief held the rattle in his hand. (28 cm, ASM)
ASM = Alaska State Museum, Juneau

On the way at the edge of the Erg Admer between Gardel and Djanet, the cook Hamma prepares the meal. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

On the road at the edge of the Erg Admer between Gardel and Djanet - tea ceremony. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

At the Tafilalet Pass - Third Akba (Akba: ascent) on the way to Tamrit. Elongated woman painted in red ochre with darker arms. Part of her loincloth hangs between her legs. She is in the special starting position for the "sprint". She is 0.60 m tall from her hands to her feet. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

The magnificent shelter of Tan-Zoumaïtak, 28 m² in size. You can see the paintings there from the photos below. This dome-shaped shelter was worthy of arousing religious feelings. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

An overview of the rock art in the Tan-Zoumaïtak shelter. You can make out people and mouflon (sheep). This dome-shaped shelter was worthy of arousing religious feelings. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

This dromedary with herringbone tail is harnessed in a logical way, which is not the case with the "frame", in which a person sits without legs, but who has a leather cushion in front of him. The "frame" is 0.16 m high and 0.23 m wide. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Ouan Bender - 1993

Negride person holding a bow in one hand and an arrow with its triangular tip visible in the other. Height 1.60 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Tin-Aboteka - 1993

Tin Tazarift is located about two hours' walk northwest of Séfar in a labyrinth of sandstone streets and towers. The main shelter houses a group of large black round-headed figures with horned heads, as well as several other figures in very good condition. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

Fresco showing figures painted with brown ochre, which have a round head with two small antennae. It is not known why two of them are depicted lying down. The archer in the lower right corner holds a double-curved bow. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Tin Tazarift - 1993

On the left, a man with a "stick head" holding a long stick or a lance. He is wearing the short tunic typical of his race, which is more or less tight at the waist. In front of him is another man with a lighter complexion who seems to be wearing a garment that could be made of an animal skin. He is walking towards three oxen, which are rendered with a remarkable stroke of brown ochre. The figure on the left is 0.22 m tall. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Oum Itouami - 1993

The mysterious "Martian" by Séfar recalls a ritual whose key escapes us. This male figure - the gender is highlighted - has an overlong body. The hands with five fingers are in the posture of a praying man, but the kind of protuberances on the two arms and the shape of the head are inexplicable. He wears two bracelets, which are represented by three lines on each arm. On the left side, a small figure seems to be summoning him. Perhaps he is wearing a belt? The structure with vertical grooves has no known meaning. Mysterious horned animals make the image even more difficult to interpret. The scene, painted in white with red outlines, is at least mysterious and perhaps magical. The distance from hand to hand of the praying man measures 1.55 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

Situation of the "Martian" in the Séfar fresco. The width of the mural depicted here measures 8 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

Exceptional fresco painted in several periods. Below, a parade of white mouflons mixed with dark ochre painted figures. Below left, a familiar scene with white painted figures. Above, another scene, this time involving black pastors fighting with their bows. On the left, behind a man with a clearly visible loincloth, one thinks one can sense a dead man. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Séfar - 1993

A European figure with the name "De Gaulle". Height: 0.20 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Séfar - 1993

Two animals in the Séfar style are treated with white paint and brown ochre. The outline of the left animal is doubled by a line of small arrows (>>>). A small cow can be seen under the right animal. Two animals can be seen on the left. Width of the panel depicted: 3.20 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Tin-Kani - 1993

Beautiful fresco from the cattle period, mixing shepherds and cattle. The large figure in the centre wears a yellow loincloth. He seems to be holding his head and stretching something with his left hand. The cow on the right is black, the other animals and the shepherds are multi-coloured. The width of the painting is 0.70 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Alan-Edoument - 1993

This beautiful pastoral scene is treated with ochre and many colours that give it an amazing impression of liveliness. The individuals are negroid. The cattle are in a static pose, but the individuals are captured in their daily occupations. Two individuals are lying down in the upper section. Another is sitting with one arm back and one hand on the ground. A child (?) is at the level of the legs of a reclining woman (?). Further to the right is a person lying down. The person at the bottom in the middle is 0.27 m high. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Ozeneare - 1993

Two shepherds, on their right a negroid woman. The latter has a white hairstyle and a white loincloth. The breasts are visible. She carries a basket in her right hand and an unspecified object in her left. The figures on the left are less precise. Between the two is an indeterminable circular structure. The woman is 0.16 m tall. Red and white ochre painting. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Ozeneare - 1993

The large number of cattle frescoes, in which the male animals seem to dominate, raises a number of questions. The first is the importance of vegetation, which in turn presupposes water that could ensure sufficient grazing. The second is the question of how this herd participated in the local economy. Today's Maasai or Peuhl do not operate at all like the Norman farmers. And thirdly, such a herd requires veterinary skills, if only to castrate the bulls. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Ozeneare - 1993

The "black archer". Ochre painting that leaves no doubt about the hunter's ethnicity. He wears a strange hairstyle and probably a loincloth as he draws his bow forward. From the left end of the bow to the end of the left hand: 0.20 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Jabbaren - 1993

The shelter of the "Abyssinian" in Jabbaren. On the following picture a detail of it. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

The "Abyssinian". This beautiful painting shows us a person with fine features, luxuriant hair and a beard. There are not only blacks and whites. There is a whole ethnic group made up of dark-skinned whites. They are numerous in East Africa and used to frequent the Sahara. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Jabbaren - 1993

Very nice document that shows well the use of the walls of a rock shelter. Its floor forms a continuation of the floor of the neighbouring abris. The large herd of cattle is typical of the beautiful polychrome paintings from the pastoral period and shows the homogeneity of a type of cattle with many different types of coat. Width of the depicted painting: 1.20 m. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - Jabbaren - 1993

Three men with shaved heads and beards. Two are looking to the left, the third to the right. The middle and right figures are depicted with erect penises. One of them holds a spear, all have a European profile. From head to toe, the right figure is 0.70 m tall. Algeria - Tadrart - In-Djaren - 1993

There are many rock engraving sites in the Oued Arakao. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

At the time of the horse (around 1000 BC), the aborigines liked to represent themselves in such a way that one could draw up an inventory of their various representations, which were often accompanied by one or more horses. - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 1992

Rock engraving from the horse epoch. Two figures (the one on the left is 0.70 metres high) are holding a creature together on a rope, which is indistinguishable but resembles a child! - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 1992

Abri Ilem - A shelter with rock art - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

23 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Horse Period. A figure without a weapon, carrying an indeterminate round object on the left arm. Decoration on the central part of the body. From the top of the feathers to the base of the feet: 1.10 m.

49 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Character with an "ant head" in a praying position. Small intentional character between the two larger ones. Equid period. Religious scene. The appendage between the legs may be the tail of the animal preserved on a leather tunic.

An overview of the two previous photos.

55 - Anakom (Aïr). - The galloping oryx stand out from many graffiti. The small horse, near a man armed with a spear and shield, is also engraved by someone familiar with the equid world. At the bottom right, a man with a U-shaped head. Although of the same type as the previous one, the character on the left (0.75 m tall) has a "sun-shaped" head.

65 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - Horse Period. Two figures (the one on the left is 0.70 m tall) hold together, at the end of a rope, an indistinguishable being that seems to resemble a child!

66 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - The horse-like figures were so fond of representing themselves that one could create an inventory of their various portrayals, often, in fact, accompanied by one or more horses.

67 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - The horse-like figures were so fond of representing themselves that one could create an inventory of their various portrayals, often, in fact, accompanied by one or more horses.

69 - Temet (Aïr). - Very decadent engravings depicting two equid-like figures with strongly emphasized eyes. Bovids (?). From the snout of the one on the right to the tail of the one following: 1.05 m.

79 - Djado Region, near the Sara Pass. - Remarkable fresco, reflecting the varied colors of the rocks. We are here in the great pastoral or bovine era, which often blends animals and humans. The panel shown here measures 0.85 m.

124 - Enneri Blaka. Site 11. - Triangular figure from the Garamantic period. Engraving by pecking. The subject has a graceful posture and measures 0.64 meters from the feet to the tip of the feather on its head.

124 - Enneri Blaka. Site 11. - (original photo) Triangular figure from the Garamantic period. Engraving by pecking. The subject has a graceful posture and measures 0.64 meters from the feet to the tip of the feather on its head.

125 - Enneri Blaka. Site 11. - Garamantic period. Two triangular figures with U-shaped heads. Fine engraving. The right arm of the right figure crosses the left arm of the left figure, which measures 0.225 meters in height.

136 - Confluent Blaka-Domo. Site 12. - "Diabolo" man from the Garamantic period. He holds a spear in his right hand and a shield in his left hand. The lower part of his tunic is fringed, and his head is adorned with a well-identified feather.

142 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. As Frobenius described and published it in 1937, this scene is discussed in the chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert." Note the very modern appearance of the costumes.

142 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - (original photo) Bubaline period. As Frobenius described and published it in 1937, this scene is discussed in the chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert." Note the very modern appearance of the costumes.

143 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. The original engraving used as the model for L. Frobenius' drawing. Width of the panel shown in Maximilien Bruggmann's photo: 1.90 m.

149 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale". A large figure with an animal head and a tail is in a variation of the "Bès position". This ithyphallic figure is accompanied by a smaller replica placed to the right. The magical character of this scene is likely linked to fertility invocations, at a time when the Sahara was already threatened by drought. Note the beautiful ostrich at the center right. From the right foot to the tip of the ear: 1.08 m.

157 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - The central figure may have been altered (belt, oversized sex). It is followed by an ostrich. In front of it, various much younger engravings: ostrich, human, antelopes. To the left, birds. Width of the depicted panel: 2.10 m.

176 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Extraordinary engraving already seen by L. Frobenius. However, in his time, the hole between the legs did not exist. The photo by Maximilien Bruggmann corrects the representation given by L. Frobenius. From head to foot: 0.30 m in height.

178 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale." Beautiful elephant measuring 1.55 m from the legs to the skull. A misjudgment places both tusks to the left of the trunk. The elephants suggest a dense vegetation cover. Note the small figures.

189 - Oued Mathendous. In Galgien. - Bubaline period. - A thero cephalic being wearing a medieval landsknecht's beret. Width of the depicted block: 0.82 m.

204 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. - We enter a different world: that of the bovids, dominated by livestock farming. Rock art leads us to the idea that we are looking at a true visual imagery of the period. Many beautiful ochre paintings, sometimes highlighted with white, are found in shelters, as two fine examples at the edge of the Oued Amil on the next page’s photo. The naturalness of the characters and the accuracy of their postures stand out. The life of this time is represented realistically. The panel measures 1.43 m in height.

206 - Ouan Amil (detail from photograph 204). - The central figure, slightly shifted upwards, measures 0.18 m in height and gives the scale. Not all details are identifiable, but they all demonstrate how much the artists emphasized realism. The figure mentioned above has a hairstyle identical to that of the others. It seems to be wearing a loincloth, while other figures are dressed in tunics finished with fringes. We are facing a true "reportage."

207 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – Another detail from photo 204: An archer walks behind another person going in the same direction. Both are slender. The archer wears a kind of transparent skirt (?) and measures 0.15 m in height.

208 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – A figure, whose importance is emphasized by their attire, is being assisted by two servants. Note the hairstyles, which, more than the Phrygian cap, evoke those of the women of Martinique. The fabrics feature interesting patterns.

209 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – Not only is the life of the bovids simple, but the artists who depict it also capture its intimacy. A figure, at the top left, is again assisted in their grooming by several others. To the right, a group is sitting and performing unclear actions. In the center at the bottom, although classically coiffed, a figure appears to be naked ... A scalariform structure is also visible on the left. Panel height: 0.46 m.

210 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – The two people shown here have a clear Europoid profile. They are exchanging undefined objects. The person on the left holds a sort of boomerang (?). Each holds a hook (?) in their hand. They appear to have no headgear. The figure on the right wears dark clothing, while the one opposite is entirely transparent and ends with a patterned band. Width of the displayed panel: 0.44 m.

211 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – The woman in the center is handing over a baby. This is remarkable because such acts are rare. At the top center, a figure with a tail – unless it's part of their loincloth hanging out – is gesticulating in an unnatural way.

212 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – Our bovids were also hunters. Here, an archer stands behind a giraffe, the bow drawn. Note the transparency of the “skirt.”

215 - Tadrart Acacous. Ouan Amil. – Two figures. One is white, on the right, with narrow thighs; the other is black, with wide thighs and a typically negroid morphology. They are depicted in the same posture. The "black" man holds a stick or a spear in his left hand. The "white" man holds a bow, also in his left hand. Height of the white man: 0.23 m.

216 - Tadrart Acacous. Ou an Amil. – Elongated figure, an archer of the bovidian type, holding the bow in the left hand. No arrow is visible. The hairstyle is familiar to us. A skirt, made of a net or mesh structure, seems to be worn over a kind of underwear. The bow measures 0.14 m from end to end.

217 - Tadrart Acacous. Oued Kessan. – Paintings of "diabolo" figures, whose shape is likely due to a belt pulling the tunic against the waist. The head is schematized by a line, generally surrounded by a pale ochre stain that is not always preserved. We are in the horse era here. The width of the tunic varies and either reaches the ankles or stops above the knees. The scenes depicted are much less lively than those from the bovidian era. Width of the panel: 0.55 m.

218 - Tadrart Acacous. Oued Kessan. – Another scene in the same style as the previous one. On the right side, women with children are depicted. Width of the panel: 0.84 m.

220 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Achigh. – Equid era. Interesting painting showing that, like in Ouan Amil (photo 215), the figure of the white character wears a kind of black stole with white patterns on the right shoulder. He appears to have a hairstyle topped with a feather. He is long and narrow in the thighs. The figure with a short tunic behind him holds a spear in one hand and a tool (?) in the other, in contact with a curious segment of a circle. Bottom right, a small figure painted in red ochre. Height of the white figure: 0.21 m.

221 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Achigh. – Pastoral scene. A herd of bovids is followed by a shepherd in the style of Ouan Amil, holding a long staff in one hand, while the other rests on the waist. A difference in style can be noted between the animals depicted, indicating they are not from the same era. Width of the panel: 0.65 m.

225 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Achigh. – Seven red ochre painted figures sitting, six in a semicircle, one inside. The hairstyle is marked by a white spot. The figure at the top faces right, surrounded by unidentifiable figures. Below him, three seated people also face right, the last three face them. Width of the depicted panel: 0.57 m.

226 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Achigh. – Two seated people, wearing long tunics and bare feet, talking to each other. The figure on the left is 0.16 m tall.

227 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Achigh. – Three figures in tight white tunics, emphasizing the waist. The middle figure has black arms, but the rest of the body is white. He holds a stick in his left hand. The middle figure is 0.20 m tall. Note the white stick on the left.

228 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. – A curious sight of two figures whose white tunics flare out at the bottom, possibly due to a rotating movement (?). A strange representation appears in the center, above the larger subject, who has suspended a round object from his left arm, which could be a shield. Noticeable ankle rings are visible here. The width from the right to the left tunic is 1.10 m.

229 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. – Chariot period. Two horses in the posture of the “flying gallop.” A “diabolo” man runs behind them. Through a curious effect of false perspective, the painter depicted the platform chariot with its driver above it, but the reins are visible. At the bottom right, a goat is running. From the front hooves to the back hooves of the horses: 0.37 m in length.

230 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. – Two-wheeled chariot with six spokes each, galloping. The same perspective error as in the previous picture: the chariot seems to fly above the horses. It appears that two people are seated on the platform. The red ochre painting is clumsy. Width of the depicted panel: 0.44 m.

232 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. - Figure with a "stick head", topped with two feathers. A double necklace around the neck and a double bracelet on the left arm. A piece of fabric or leather is also visible on the left side. Around the waist, two unexplained handles. Height of the represented surface: 0.25 m.

233 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. - Engraved elephant, a depiction that is rare in the Acacous. From the front foot to the back foot: 1.23 m in length. (Photos 232, 234, and 237 come from the same shelter.)

233 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat-Tagzelt. - (original photo) Engraved elephant, a depiction that is rare in the Acacous. From the front foot to the back foot: 1.23 m in length. (Photos 232, 234, and 237 come from the same shelter.)

235 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat. - Complex series of figures, of which it is unclear whether they are dressed or not. Eight are painted in white, one in red. The figure at the bottom seems to wear a transparent cloak. The heads are topped with one or more feathers. A small bovine carries a symbol (?) above its head. Height of the represented panel: 0.72 m.

236 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat. - "The man in the poncho" refers to the series of hairstyles from Ouan Amil. The poncho, if it is a poncho, is decorated with V-shaped patterns. The head has distinctly Europoid features. The hairstyle rounds off the shape of the object. Height of the figure, from the bottom of the front foot to the top of the hairstyle: 0.25 m.

238 - Tadrart Acacous. Teshouinat. - Age of chariots. A vehicle drawn by four horses in "flying gallop". This time, one can clearly observe a "carrycot ", giving the driver an acceptable place. The four-spoked wheel raises questions, as it is the only one that could support the creation of wheels made from wood and leather. Width of the represented panel: 0.41 m.

239 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Anneouin. – Composite fresco featuring "diabolo" figures, palm trees, bovids, "flying gallop" chariots, etc. Several layers are superimposed here. Painted Tifinagh characters. Only red ochre was used.

240 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Anneouin. – A palm tree and an animal seemingly eating its leaves. It is the camels that allow the dating of the painting.

241 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Anneouin. – A man armed with a spear, attacking another figure wearing a long tunic tightly bound at the waist. Tifinagh characters.

242 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Anneouin. – Galloping chariot with two wheels, each with six spokes. A well-visible rectangular platform. The man holds either a javelin or a stick to urge the team (?) of three horses. In front on the right, a man in a long tunic holds a lance and a round shield. This figure is 0.15 m tall, and the chariot is 0.30 m.

244 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Lalan. – Ritual intercourse scene between an exaggeratedly ithyphallic figure and a woman with Europoid features. This is a scene with a propitiatory character. See chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert". Height of the depicted panel: 1.50 m.

245 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Lalan. – Another ritual intercourse scene. This scene has become complex due to overpainting and is difficult to restore. The Europoid figure on the right is a false ithyphallic, the oversized genitals having been added later. The original scene seems to depict the right figure, the ithyphallic genitals at the top center, and the therocéphale facing a woman whose vulva corresponds to a rock defect.

247 - Tadrart Acacous. Tin-Lalan. – The nature of the scene, originally part of invoking the supernatural powers of fertility, has greatly degraded over time. The multiple retouches and difficulty in reconstructing the original work led F. Mori, who saw it, to deny its mythical character. See the chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert". Height of the central figure: 1.22 m.

251 - Moghar et-Taghtani (Algeria). - Engraving from the Bubaline age (Neolithic), often said to represent an archer. Nothing is less certain, although it is likely a human. Height: 0.37 m.

255 - Thyout (Algeria). - A scene that shocked many at the end of the 19th century. It is now referred to as "The Hunting Lesson". In fact, at the top of this Neolithic engraving, there is a "placental bond" linking a mythical being with a hunter aiming at an ostrich followed by a dog. Between the "god" and the "creature" is a small, undefined ungulate. This is a scene of fertility invocation. The three engraved scenes below are of the same nature. On the far right of the photo, the hindquarters of a large bovine. The large figure at the bottom left measures 0.64 m in height.

256 - Thyout (Algeria). - The same scene as the previous one, but reduced to the two figures connected by the "placental bond".

257 - Thyout (Algeria). - This propitiatory scene depicts an "archer" holding an undefined object in his left hand. A placental bond connects him with a small figure.

281 - Col d'Amoggiar (Mauritania). - Fresco of figures painted in red ochre in a small, isolated rock shelter. At the top left, standing figures can be seen, each with the right hand on the hip and the left hand extended towards the neighbor. The second holds a bow in the right hand. The third holds the second's hand and wears a balloon-like skirt. Below, on the right, a rider, a seated person, and a small bovine. The work is heavily degraded by wind erosion.

284 - Noudache (Mauritania). - A chariot in a very decadent style, difficult to date. The interest of this chariot, painted in red ochre and drawn by oxen, lies in the driver’s donkey head. From the oxen's head to the driver's head: 0.25 m.

285 - Noudache (Mauritania). - A chariot drawn by two oxen, executed in red ochre. Two-wheeled axle. The driver here is a man. The giraffe is unintentionally comic due to the length of its neck and the excessively long tail. From the giraffe’s snout to the driver’s head: 0.48 m.

289 - El Beridj (Tadrart). - Return to the “diabolo” type of man. This fresco, painted in red ochre and white paint, is located in a deep shelter with a low ceiling. Figures can be seen, including a rider, dogs, goats... A figure painted in white (the “Kokopelli,” according to ethnographers of the Native Americans) playing a flute. Height: 0.15 m.

296 - In Djaren (Tadrart). - Red ochre fresco. Character with a short tunic at the top; with a long tunic at the bottom. The upper figures are exchanging weapons. The lower figure, wearing a long tunic (a woman?), holds unidentified objects. In the lower right corner, a figure raises a stick with one hand and touches an animal with the other. The man in the upper left is 0.17 m tall.

297 - In Djaren (Tadrart). - The red ochre painting of a woman being dressed by others is already known and pertains to the same pastoral ethnic group. In fact, the picture has two groups: the left group shows a woman at her toilette, while the right one depicts a character holding a stick or long object. The scene is difficult to interpret. The panel measures 0.55 m.

299 - In Djaren (Tadrart). - Shelter. Spearman (?). This figure, painted in white, is in the style of Ouan Amil (photo 215): same morphology and same style.

300 - In Djaren (Tadrart). - Shelter. Javelin thrower (?): The javelin appears in one of the man's hands. The movement of quick walking is well rendered. Height from head to foot: 0.17 m.

301 - ln Djaren (Tadrart). - Shelter. A fresco in red ochre depicting a therocéphale with a head topped by an oblong sphere. It appears to hold a club in its left hand. Behind it are strange animals, the largest of which, despite appearances, is merely an ungulate.

303 - Ouan Ouksem (Tadrart). - Shelter. Two figures walking (perhaps talking?) painted in red ochre. The figure on the left measures 0.15 m in height from head to foot.

304 - Ouan Ouksem (Tadrart). - Shelter. A large fresco of sheep painted in white. In the lower left, a figure with raised arms may be a later addition. The height of the figure is 0.07 m.

307 - ln Djaren (Tadrart). - On a large pyramidal rock, there is an engraved fresco showing eight elephants. From the "bubale" period. The engraving is shallow, executed through pitting with remarkable attention to accuracy. The last elephant is defecating. Below, there is a frieze of figures also engraved, but at a later date.

310 - ln Djaren (pyramidal rock, Tadrart). - Three men with shaved heads and beards. Two look to the left, the third to the right. The figure in the middle and the one on the right are ithyphallic. One of them holds a spear, all have an Europoid profile. The height of the right figure from head to foot is 0.70 m.

315 - Bou Ediane (Tadrart, region of In Djaren). - Rock painting under a shelter showing many figures, all wearing a short tunic tightly fastened at the waist or a long one. The height differences among the figures may be an attempt to respect perspective? Quite a few animals. Men armed with a stick or spear. Heads in the “hyphen” style. The tallest figure, on the left, is 0.42 m in height.

316 - Bou Ediane (region of In Djaren, Tadrart). - Figures with long or short tunics, painted in red or white. The one on the right appears to be holding a spear and a rectangular shield. The one on the left, painted white, holds a bow in the left hand and wears three feathers on its head. The white tunic reaches down to the feet. The white figure is 0.40 m tall.

320 - Tin Abedine (Tadrart). – To the left, a man holding a pot, followed by three giraffes going in the same direction as him. The giraffes and the man are beginning to sink seriously into the sand. From the horn of the right giraffe to the level of the sand: about 1.70 m.

322 - Ouan Adjane (Tadrart). – White-painted figures with curious trilobed heads. The central figure holds a stick and seems to threaten the figure on the left. The figure on the right is only remarkable for the appendage hanging between its legs. Width of the depicted panel: 0.45 m.

330 - Aouanrhet (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - On the left, two standing figures. On the right, a coitus scene and figures that are hard to identify. The coitus scene measures 0.16 m in width.

331 - Aouanrhet (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Fresco of figures dominated by one wearing an improbable hairstyle resembling the coif of the Sisters of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul; none of them appear to be dressed. Width of the panel shown: 0.70 m.

332 - Aouanrhet (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Large masked figure with arm and leg ornaments. On the left, a scene called the "lying swimmer" (?) and other depictions that are difficult to interpret. In the center, note the presence of a woman with tattooed breasts. Width of the panel shown: 2.25 m.

338 - Oued Djérat (Afar-Mellah, Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A large bubale (Peloroois antiquus Duv.) engraved, with a kneeling (?) figure behind it, holding its right hand toward its tail. On the head, one can distinguish either bristling hair or feathers. A belt with three stripes is clearly visible.

340 - Oued Djérat (rock shelter between Aha and Anafeg, Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A painted chariot, drawn by two horses, galloping in a "flying gallop." This may be a battle scene, with men lying in front of the chariot. The ochre painting shows the driver in a good posture, but how could he balance on the platform?

341 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Another chariot in the "flying gallop," painted in ochre. The perspective is better observed here, as the reins go directly from the driver's hands to the necks of the two horses. The axle ends in two wheels with four spokes. Three spears inclined forward seem to be fixed on the platform. Two dogs run alongside the chariot. Below, three men in short tunics carry shields. Three others precede the horses: they are armed with spears and shields. One of them has a head resembling that of a dog.

342 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, between Aha and Anafeg). - Ochre painting of a chariot with three horses. The perspective is incorrect: the chariot appears to be flying above the horses. This chariot period marks the peak of the Horse Period. Large figure on the left. On the right, a small figure that is difficult to observe.

343 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, between Aha and Anafeg). - Large bovine painted in red ochre. It partly obscures a chariot, and the number of horses is hard to determine. Above the bovine's back, there is a small quadruped painted in white and red. It is followed by men, who are preceded by a little devil. A white square is found at the center of the ox. Its explanation has yet to be found.

344 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Chariot engraved in "flying gallop." The driver seems to be thrown backward. The wheels on the right side have four spokes, while those on the left have six. From whip (?) to horse's nose, the distance is 0.72 m.

344 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - (original photo) Chariot engraved in "flying gallop." The driver seems to be thrown backward. The wheels on the right side have four spokes, while those on the left have six. From whip (?) to horse's nose, the distance is 0.72 m.

345 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, guelta de Tin-Smad). - Engraved chariot drawn by two horses, shown in a "flat" view and positioned oppositely relative to the yoke. Width of the panel shown: 0.65 m.

346 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, Tin-Smad). - Engraved chariot of good quality, showing the difficulty of standing on a small platform while galloping, whether flying or not. Two spears are fixed to the floor of the chariot. From the driver’s head to the front hooves: 0.72 m.

347 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, shelter between Aha and Anafeg). - Painted chariot with three horses. The platform seems independent of the driver. The reins are anachronistically depicted. Dark brown figures are in front of the chariot, two of which carry sticks.

348 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, same shelter). - Bovid, two-toned in red and white, moving from left to right. A deer (?) is visible at the top left. Below, there is a procession of figures in short tunics.

349 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, same shelter). - Bovid, antelopes, and various animals painted in ochre and white. On the right, warriors with spears are visible. Very fine painting with ochre, ranging from dark brown to a wine-red tone. A man armed with a spear also holds a strange object ending in a hook, which is common in this area.

350 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, same shelter). - White and ochre paintings depicting horned bovids with lyre-shaped horns. The central figure appears to wear, like in Ouan Amil, a cape or stole falling from the shoulder. On the left, a cow with clearly depicted udders. Note the extensive representation of figures with long or short tunics, but tightly cinched at the waist.

351 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer, near Aha-Anafeg). - The famous engraved archer has a stylized figure. He wears a headgear and holds a bow as if he has just shot an arrow. He might have a lightly fringed cape on his back. The belt, formed by a double line, extends with a floating tail. It appears that he carries a phallic sheath inserted into the belt, leaving the testicles exposed, as some regional ethnographies still show. Note the double spiral in the left corner and modern graffiti.

393 - Oued Djérat (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Tuareg warrior. Modern ethnography accounts for the entire equipment of both man and beast.

398 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Painting from the period known as the "round heads". A composition reminiscent of modern "Martians". All in shades from yellow to brown. Sometimes the heads are completely spherical. Here, one feels powerless to interpret what the eye observes, as it neither corresponds to what we know nor to what we believe. No regular lines, no familiar objects. How one would like to understand what the artists were trying to tell us! At the center of the panel, a procession of figures rendered in dark brown. On their heads, there are horns (?) or baskets with handles. The costumes are as difficult to describe as the heads. Height of the figure: 0.78 m.

399 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Mural of the same type as the previous one, treated in dark brown. Height of the central figure: 0.32 m.

400 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - White painting of two figures with "round heads". In reality, their heads are red. On the right, note the "transparent skirt". Width of the depicted panel: 0.78 m.

401 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The "Abyssinian". This magnificent painting presents an individual with fine features, abundant hair, and a beard. There are not only White and Black people. A whole ethnic group consists of "Whites with dark skin". They are numerous in East Africa and once frequented the Sahara.

402 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This is a true "Neolithic city", in other words, a "place of life". It is in this shelter that the famous "Abyssinian" was created, which can be seen in the upper right quarter of the photo. The feet are nearly invisible.

403 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - General view of another shelter, whose walls are covered in polychrome paintings ranging from white to dark brown. It should be noted that these are men with a distinctly Negroid morphology. Almost all of them are depicted in an aggressive posture, running, often with a bow in hand. Also noteworthy are the curved, narrower structures in front and thicker at the back. The depiction of bovids remains very naturalistic. We are still in the "bovid era". Width of the depicted panel: 2.60 m.

404 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Detail from photo 403. At the top left and bottom right, bovids are shown ridden by three figures. At the top, in front of the cow, a runner precedes them at high speed. Above the yellow ox, which he overtakes on the right, an archer appears to be drawing his bow, while behind him, a man holds a bundle of arrows (?) and walks in front of another who carries a staff resting on his hips. This is still a familiar attitude among shepherds today.

405 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - In the center of this other detail from photo 403, an archer holds a bow in front of him, with his arms outstretched, painted in a curious white color. He is distinctly dolichocephalic, his body is slender and very long-limbed. The male sex is clearly marked. Above him, slightly to the left, is a magnificent bovine painted with fine lines but without any coloration of the fur.

406 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Detail from photo 403. Archers with well-stocked quivers appear to be attacking an enemy. Upon viewing these scenes, it is clear that this black ethnicity is engaged in warfare, not hunting.

407 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Final detail of panel 403. The galloping archer is clearly visible in his pastoral bovine setting.

408 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Hunting scene (?). The archers seem to be facing animals. Note that the quiver is worn on the left side. It is also possible that the quiver is a "ring" hanging from the belt, as the arrows are distinctly visible in front and behind the body at waist level. The figures measure between 0.13 m and 0.18 m in height.

409 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Two running archers. Between 0.13 m and 0.18 m in height.

410 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Two more archers. The first, on the left, has six arrows in his "quiver" and holds his bow in the air. The bow is always simple and shows no variations. However, there are hundreds of different arrowhead forms. Width of the represented panel: 0.43 m.

411 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Archer, like his companions, painted in red ochre. A remnant of white paint indicates the existence of a loincloth that has since disappeared. On the archer at the bottom left, the white loincloth is more visible. Height of the figure in the center: 0.16 m.

412 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Still archers, who seem to have held an important place in the artists' minds. An antelope is visible in the center. Height of the archer: 0.16 m.

417 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Hunting scene rendered in red ochre. A gazelle and an antelope are being pursued by hunters.

418 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Hunting scene in red ochre, featuring three hunters on the left, two of whom raise their bow in the left hand, while another has placed his bow in front of him. They are waiting, while on the right, a large antelope flees from them. From the snout to the rear arm of the last figure: 0.80 m.

419 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer) - The "Black Archer." Painting in ochre that leaves no doubt about the hunter's ethnic background. He wears a curious hairstyle and probably a loincloth, while drawing his bow forward. From the left end of the bow to the end of the left hand: 0.20 m.

420 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Pastoral scene painted in red and white ochre. The figures in the center have a very tall hairstyle. They may be women. The gestures are elegant and well-observed. The person in the center is 0.21 m in height.

421 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Another bucolic scene. Some heads resemble those of "praying mantises." Painting in red and white ochre. Width of the depicted panel: 0.77 m.

422 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A figure painted in white with a dark loincloth. It is accompanied by a small ungulate. In its hands, it holds what may be a “sickle” made of flint shards inserted into a mammal rib. It wears (?) some sort of headdress, and in front of it is an antelope. From the tail of the small antelope to the man's forehead: 0.27 m.

423 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The right part of the fresco, damaged by erosion, is unreadable. However, on the left, beneath the black figures we just saw, there is a procession of other people whose visible breasts allow us to affirm that six of them are women, and there are no taboos in this regard. Height of the depicted panel: 0.63 m.

425 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - "Hell." It is strange to encounter horned little devils who are, according to their creators, neither men nor beasts. Their origin is the same fantasy that populated the hells of the Middle East and other places with demonic beings. In any case, this testimony serves as a marker for the evocation of evil. Height of the little devil on the center-left: 0.17 m.

426 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Figures with "round" heads, like those from Tan-Zoumaïtak. They are painted white and hold a bow in the right hand, a stick (?) in the left hand. The central figure wears a belt with an appendage.

430 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This hunter (or "archer") wears a loincloth that retains the skin of the animal's legs and tail from which it originates. The man holds a bow in his left hand. Painted in red ochre. Height of the figure: 0.21 m.

432 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A painted fresco showing, in red ochre, a group of bovines, antelopes, and figures. It is possible that the artist wanted to represent not large antelopes, but horses.

433 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – We are back in Tadrart Acacous, where we saw the first figures wearing a kind of cape on their backs. This red and white painting from Jabbaren clearly shows the garment, which seems to be held by a belt over the white tunic. The heads of the two men appear adorned with feathers. Height 0,15 m

434 - Jabbaren (the large shelter, Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Four costumed figures clearly show the territorial expansion of the ethnic group already encountered in Acacous. In their right hands, they hold indefinable objects. White paint dominates, and red ochre highlights precise details. At the bottom left, a well-rendered bovine is painted.

437 - Jabbaren (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A very fine document showing well the use of the walls of a rock shelter. Its floor continues from that of the neighboring shelter. The large herd of bovines is characteristic of the beautiful polychrome paintings of the pastoral period and shows the homogeneity of a bovine species with multiple coat colors. Width of the depicted slab: 1.20 m.

442 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - We return here to the realm of the "round heads" and a strong preference for the color white. The position is typical but not that of a worshiper. The posterior appendage might refer to a loincloth, though not specified. The fingers of the hands and the feet are well depicted. Height: 0.82 m. Note that working in Ouan Bender, strictly prohibited for tourists, requires special authorization from the director of the "Tassili National Park", authorization which Maximilien Bruggmann had.

444 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Group of figures painted in white and outlined in black. Their activities are no longer identifiable. Central figure: 0.70 m in height.

446 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This photo and the following ones, up to 451, belong to the same shelter. Here we see a large mural that continues on the opposite page (photo 448). Several figures are depicted amidst scattered cattle. The small bovine located at the top, slightly to the right of the center, is the same one shown in the photo above (445). The panel is 2.85 m wide.

447 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Very interesting domestic scene, possibly involving barter. As far as can be judged, the features of the two individuals appear Europoid. Height of the depicted panel: 0.34 m.

448 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Continuation of photo 446, which connects on its left side. At the top of this document, slightly left behind the bovine, there is a curious zoomorphic figure that, according to Y. Tschudi, represents two gazelles. Giraffes, goats, cattle, and human figures are visible. Width of the depicted panel: 3.36 m.

451 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A complex scene. It is not possible to "classify" the depictions. A figure with a "round head" forms the main part of the painting. It is overlain on the left by a gazelle and on the right by a figure presumably following this gazelle. The figure measures 0.34 m from feet to head.

452 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - In the center, two large antelopes painted in ochre are visible.

453 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A large white-painted mouflon, resembling the same animals associated with "round heads." A beautiful polychrome ensemble of bovines, antelopes, goats, and humans... From one mouflon horn to the other: 0.53 m.

459 - Ouan Bender (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – This dromedary with a fishbone-shaped tail is harnessed logically, unlike the "frame," in which a figure without legs is seated, but has a leather cushion in front of it. The "frame" measures 0.16 m in height and 0.23 m in width.

462 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Character with a Negroid morphology, the speed pulling the loincloth backward. The head is white. Width of the depicted panel: 0.41 m.

463 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – This beautiful pastoral scene is painted in ochre and with multiple colors, giving it an astonishing impression of life. The individuals are Negroid. The bovines are in a static position, but the characters are captured in their daily activities. At the top, two people are lying down. Another person is seated, one arm back, hand on the ground. There is a child (?) at the height of a woman's (?) legs who is lying down. Further to the right, someone is lying down. The character at the bottom center is 0.27 m high.

464 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Two shepherds, including a Negroid woman on the right. She has a white hairstyle and a white loincloth. Her breasts are visible. She holds a basket in her right hand and an indeterminate object in her left. The character on the left is less defined. Between the two, there is an indeterminate circular structure. The woman is 0.16 m tall. Red ochre and white painting.

467 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Negroid character with white hairstyle, holding an indeterminate object in the left hand. Three curved lines extend from the lower abdomen with no plausible explanation. The figure is 0.14 m tall.

468 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Large painted cow. Behind it, a character appearing obese. In fact, obesity, like pregnant women, is almost never depicted. Panel depicted: 0.57 m in width.

469 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The multiplicity of frescoes of bovines, in which males seem to dominate, raises many questions. The first concerns the significance of the vegetation cover, which itself suggests a humid episode capable of sustaining sufficient pasture. Then, one wonders how this herd contributed to the local economy. The Maasai or Fulani today do not act like Norman farmers. Finally, such a herd requires veterinary knowledge, if only to castrate the bulls.

471 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A figure with a "round head," which, as a reminder, refers to Tin-Tazarift. Painted here in dark ochre, it wears a short tunic. Above, a finely painted ox in red ochre.

476 - Ozeneare (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Five figures depicted in dark ochre, their loincloths are white, and their heads are dolichocephalic. The musculature of their thighs is emphasized and suggests walkers. They are also shown in this posture. The width of the depicted scene: 0.33 m.

479 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – The "Martian" remains mysterious, as it evokes a ritual whose meaning eludes us. This male figure – the sex is emphasized – has a body that is too long. The hands, with five fingers, are in the so-called orant position, but the nature of the protuberances on the arms and the shape of the head remain unexplained. He wears two bracelets represented by three lines on each arm. On the left, a small figure seems to be invoking him. Perhaps it is wearing a belt? The structure with vertical lines has no known meaning. Mysterious horned animals make the scene even more difficult to interpret. The scene, painted in white with red outlines, is at least mysterious and possibly magical. The arms of the orant measure 1.55 m from hand to hand.

480 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Location of the "Martian" in the fresco from Séfar. The width of the panel depicted here: 8 m.

The shelter with the ‘Martian’ from Séfar.

482 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Strange figures. The person on the right has a face resembling a pachyderm, though the trunk ends in a fork. He wears a belt with a long tail and holds a basket (?). Behind him, an individual with a belt threatens him with a club held high in the right hand. The basket held by the person on the right is 0.28 m wide. The animal on the left may be a goat-like creature (?).

483 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This scene shocked many people, but it must be seen in the mysterious context of the “shelter-temple” that eludes our understanding. In fact, the interpretation is very difficult and, lacking a “key,” it boils down to assumptions tainted by our rationalism. The first figure, on the right, is seen in profile. It has only one leg, a horned head, and an oversized arm (?). Should we believe the protrusion from its belly is a penis? Or is it merely the continuation of the arm of the individual following it? This entire three-figure scene is mysterious and probably mythical. Time of the “round heads,” white painting bordered with red. Width of the depicted panel: 0.40 m.

484 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - “Tarzan”! Here we remain in the mythical, without knowing what the creators of these white paintings intended to tell us. The large figure on the right has powerful arms. To his left, a woman identified by her breasts raises her arms in the air. The individual preceding her holds a striped structure. Other paintings are even less identifiable. Chest width of the “gorilla”: 0.29 m.

486 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Red ochre painting. Time of the “round heads.” The figure on the left, in red ochre, shows a marked but not ithyphallic penis in the precise sense of the word. The individuals around him seem to be dancing. They wear a belt extended by an appendage on their backs. The patterns on the chest of those on the right suggest a garment.

487 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Time of the “round heads,” red painting with fine lines. The central figure seems to be standing between the legs of an animal, with the figure on the right also holding the leg of another animal. The central figure’s sex is indicated, while the figure on the left touches the animal’s right leg, at the same level as the central figure.

490 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Headless figure with oversized limbs. From the left arm, an inexplicable striped structure extends. From elbow to elbow: 0.40 m.

491 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This large panel is actually 3.50 m wide and is entirely covered with overlapping or stacked paintings. Therefore, it is difficult to interpret. The overall design seems to belong to the "round head" period. On the left side and at the top, several circular objects are visible, extended downward by straps (?). At the top, two small rectangular protrusions are present. These might be shields. A figure holds a tilted spear. To its left, curious beings have round heads adorned with small patterns unrelated to anatomy. In the middle, a procession of small animals is heading right. Numerous human figures, of different sizes and mostly painted in white, are still identifiable.

492 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Enlarged detail of the previous fresco. Note, at the bottom center, the figure with the Mickey Mouse head.

493 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The figure painted in white with a dark outline bears some resemblance to the "Martian" already seen at Séfar (photo 479). But here, it holds a spear (?) in its right hand and something indistinct in its left hand. A crescent is also depicted to its right. The body is very slender, and the thighs seem spread apart, but the legs do not continue. Chest width: 0.44 m.

495 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - From the same period, an entanglement of animals, figures, and symbols.

496 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Thick figure with too small arms. The body is indicated by clumsy strokes of paint. The head is no longer visible. In front of it, one can make out a figure painted in white.

497 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Finely outlined figure in dark ochre. Here, the loincloth is clearly visible, with a front and a back part. The same should apply to all representations where it is incomplete. In front of the figure, an oval shape is visible, with no plausible explanation. A large number of very small figures raises the question of the relationship that might exist between large and small beings?

498 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Extraordinary fresco painted over several periods. At the bottom, there is a parade of white mouflons mixed with figures painted in dark ochre. Bottom left, a familiar scene with figures painted in white. At the top, another scene, this time involving black shepherds fighting with their bows. On the left, behind a man with a clearly visible loincloth, one might infer a dead man.

499 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This photograph is a very fine document and at the same time highlights the difficulty of analyzing its content. It all seems to belong to the "round head" phase, to which the left figure undoubtedly belongs. On the right, one can clearly distinguish a giraffe.

503 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Large fresco painted in red ochre, dark gray, and yellow. The bovids are not depicted in the best way possible for the artists of this period. There are also people, as well as circular structures that could represent shelters (huts?). At least sixty bovids can be counted. The panel measures 2.60 meters in width.

504 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Pastoral scene painted in ochre with remarkable precision. Some of the bovids are cows. One of the animals, in the center at the top, is ridden by a couple, one of whom, located at the front, is holding an unidentified object. The stick wrapped with a strap along its entire length is placed across the horns. In the top-right corner, a greyhound with a long snout, fast runner's legs, and a narrow pelvis is sniffing the ground. The archer below holds both his bow and two arrows, which is a well-observed gesture. It is also noted that he wears a loincloth.

505 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The wife of Séfar, identifiable by her breasts, has a prominent belly which could indicate pregnancy: She wears a bracelet on each arm and holds with both hands an unidentified curved object. Height of the figure: 0.95 meters.

506 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Typical pastoral scene, interesting because of the depictions of rectangular structures, which might be huts (?). These paintings, made 2.80 meters above the ground, belong to a long list of “reportages” that gradually give us a deeper understanding of pastoral life.

507 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Oxen and cows. The two animals in the center are shown with only one horn visible. The ox on the right has a collar. Everything is painted in brown ochre. A seated man is depicted with a hairstyle. The distance from the back of the bovids on the left to the arm of the seated man on the right is 0.80 meters.

514 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Hunting scene (?). Six Negroid archers are running to the left. A seventh is running in the opposite direction. One of them, at the top center, is armed only with an axe, while another, very faint, below him, shows that the bowstring was not attached at the ends of the bow but a little higher, to better withstand the tension. Height of the archer on the left: 0.18 m.

515 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A Negroid archetype, with powerful musculature and a determined look, treated in dark red ochre. He wears a feather on his head and no visible clothing. He appears to be holding arrows in his right hand. Height of the figure: 0.21 m.

516 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Pastoral scene painted in red ochre. True imagery from daily life, these small panels show a multitude of details from everyday life. Below, a figure bent over faces another kneeling. They are engaged in a mysterious activity that must have been part of their daily life. The figure on the right measures 0.18 m.

521 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Pastoral scene. At the bottom left, an animal that is difficult to identify. It might be a sow with a piglet. Several standing or sitting figures. A large ox on the right. The "sow" is 0.24 m long.

522 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A "shepherd" extends something to a bovine facing him. This red ochre painting is less carefully executed than usual (legs of the right cow). From the horns to the hind legs: 0.22 m.

523 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A Negro man, painted in red ochre, extends his right hand towards a sort of cube. Height of the man: 0.25 m.

524 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Return to the time of the "round heads" with these stylized but refined paintings. A woman in the background watches the dance of two others, leaning to the right and wearing a loincloth. The one on the right wears curious white shin guards, flared at the bottom, two pieces of fabric tied to her arms, and a white headdress. She measures 0.24 m from head to foot.

525 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – These extraordinary fashion engravings, in reality paintings, reveal much about a civilization of which we know nothing. These women (?) are dressed in blouses, trousers, and in two cases, "leggings".

526 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Scene of a ritual dance. The polychrome figures: dark brown, red, white, light yellow, are richly dressed and coiffed. They appear to be holding a stick. The tallest dancer is 0.48 m tall.

528 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Here we see goats or sheep attached "to a rope". This gives them an astonishing sense of order. Below, there is a red structure extended downward by V-shaped lines. We also see archers sketched with painted lines, as well as figures in a red structure, bovids, and later archers treated in dark gray. Diameter of the circle: 0.25 m.

529 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Two hands at the end of severed arms. The left hand is finely decorated; the other is bordered by a double line. At the bottom left: head of a mouflon. Length of the right hand and arm: 0.33 m.

530 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Another "positive" hand at the end of its arm. Below, a very rare depiction of a fire. Europoid figures with headgear. The arm and hand measure 0.51 m in length.

531 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – In front of a stylized mouflon, an archer seems to be prostrated. At the bottom left, two elephant heads. Far right, a person in a long tunic tied at the waist. From the front paw to the back paw: 0.30 m.

532 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A Europoid character irreverently called "De Gaulle". Height: 0.20 m.

536 - Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Line drawing of an archer whose legs are twice the height of the torso. He still holds his bow in the left hand – like most depicted archers – and a stick in the right hand. His belt supports a cloth strip covering the groin. Notable features include: arm ring, necklace, appendages under the right arm, and hair hanging down the neck. Height of the depicted figure: 0.35 m.

539 - Tan-Zoumaïtak (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - This red ochre painting shows, on the left, a small figure with abundant hair partially inserted into a circle from which strips hang. The animal on the right might be a dark brown sheep. The circle measures 0.20 m in diameter.

540 - Tan-Zoumaïtak (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - In the style of the "round-head" dancers in olive color. The one on the left extends her arms toward a baby (?). Her feet appear to touch an antelope. On the right, a figure holds a stick; above, another, larger and older. Height of this figure: 1.10 m.

541 - Tan-Zoumaïtak (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Always the same adorned people with "round heads." This one is painted in light brown with white dots. Curious drop-shaped ornaments hang from the arms: a large one at the wrist, two small ones attached at the top of the arm. The figure on the right is painted in light brown. Height of the adorned figure: 0.72 m.

542 - Tan-Zoumaïtak (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The splendid shelter of Tan-Zoumaïtak, to which Henri Lhote attributes 28 m². The paintings captured in the previous photographs can be recognized here. This dome-shaped shelter was worthy of inspiring religious feelings.

547 - Tin-Aboketa (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Two Negroid figures, the one on the left holding a bow in his left hand and a spear in the other, with the triangular shaft visible. He is 1.60 m tall.

558 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Fresco depicting figures painted in brown ochre, with round heads and two small antennas. It is unclear why two of them are shown lying down. The archer, at the bottom right, holds a double-curved bow.

559 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The same enlarged archer holds an arrow in his left hand.

560 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Enlargement of the "swimmer" from photo 558.

562 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The "sprinter": an excellent study made with a finely painted line that accurately depicts the running posture. Height of the figure: 0.22 m.

Tin Tazarift is located about two hours' walk northwest of Séfar in a labyrinth of sandstone streets and towers. The main shelter houses a group of large black round-headed figures with horned heads, as well as several other figures in very good condition. Algeria - Tassili n'Ajjer - 1993

563 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - A figure painted in light brown ochre, seemingly seated. It belongs to the "round heads" period, wearing a loincloth and arm rings. The ovoid structure with a dark center, towards which the subject extends one arm, has no clear explanation. Height of the figure: 0.45 m.

564 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Panel containing, among other things, the figure from photo 561. In the center, a small haloed figure. To the right, partly hidden by a bovine painted in light ochre, a large figure. The discovery of four fish complements the find of fossil fish bones on the ground. To the left, two white mouflons. All painted in light or dark brown.

565 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Amazing painting of a "round head" figure showing a protuberance on the skull. Two curved appendages extend from each arm. In the left hand, the figure holds a long object with a sharp base, terminating in a small oblong mass at the top. In the right hand, it can be inferred that he holds a puzzle. A dagger is visible at the belt; in front of this "warrior", another figure, barely discernible, possibly from a different era. Below, two small paintings of negroid figures. Everything is painted in brown ochre. The large figure measures 0.86 m in height.

567 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Painted fresco depicting a figure with its hand resting on the hindquarters of a large bovine and wearing a clearly identifiable loincloth. At the bottom right, a recognizable sheep is visible. The figure is 0.20 m tall.

568 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – In a shelter on the Tin-Aboteka trail, this seated woman watches a cow with lyre-shaped horns peacefully move away. Above, very difficult to read, older paintings can be seen. From the base of the tail to the nostrils, the cow is 0.33 m long.

569 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Pastoral fresco in dark red ochre. The bovines are depicted in motion, moving away to the right. Figures armed with bows accompany them. In the background, a calf is being forcefully driven. From the nostrils of the calf to the rear leg of the man: 0.10 m in length.

570 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Ochre fresco depicting preparations for a hunt or battle. In the middle left, an archer not only wears a quiver of arrows on his belt but also holds a handful of arrows in his left hand. The sense of movement in the scene is intense. The archers in the top right measure 0.11 m in height.

571 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Pastoral scene in white and ochre, from reddish-brown to light brown. Note the cap worn by both the man and the child following him, in the top right. It closely resembles the cap still worn by children during circumcision. The man is 0.24 m tall.

577 - Tin-Tazarift (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Strange "naviform" structure. But aside from its unproven navigational ability, the archer on the right is not related to it... Only the one in the center might be a "sailor." At each end of the "structure" is an indefinable object.

583 - Tin-Terhert (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - The depicted panel is 1 meter high and shows a group of figures with polished heads, exhibiting features that might represent clothing at various body levels. The man at the bottom right has a "tail" and three lines dividing the body. Above him is an indeterminate ungulate, which is in turn dominated by a figure with its head upside down.

591 - Tin-Teferist, near Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – The three figures painted in red ochre remind us of individuals with "dash heads", but it has already been stated that this dash is only the visible part of the head, with the rest covered by light hair, with the paint in most cases having disappeared. The "lancers" facing each other are dressed in a short tunic, tight at the waist and slightly flared at the base. The one on the left wears a sort of stole hanging from both sides of the neck. With his right hand, he holds the hand of a woman in a long tunic. The central figure is 0.55 m tall.

592 - Tiffeltest, near Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A ruminant on the right, painted in dark ochre; at the top left, a couple in red ochre that could be a man and a woman. The most interesting feature is a quadrangular structure that could represent a dwelling. The depicted panel is 0.53 m wide. The animal on the right is 0.11 m tall.

593 - Tiffeltest, near Séfar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – This white and ochre painting brings us back to the so-called "ship-like" structures (here executed in white, showing two figures raising their arms in a hieratic posture). The fact that they are frequent along the Nile does not in any way lead to their identification with the structure depicted here or with that in Tin-Tazarift (photo 577). The maximum distance between the two tips of the structure is 0.40 m. At the top left, a mare with a foal.

600 - Tin-Kani (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Two animals in Sefar style, painted in white and brown ochre. The contour of the left animal is doubled by a line formed of small arrows (>>>). Below the animal on the right, there is a small bovine. On the left, two individuals. The width of the panel depicted: 3.20 m.

601 - Tin-Kani (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Three figures from the "round heads" period in Sefar style. The one in the middle is a woman. The work was executed in white and dark brown. The figure on the left measures 0.87 m in height. Detail of photo 600.

602 - Tin-Kani (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Ox painted in red-brown, with the coat depicted by tightly spaced curved lines. Opposite, two deers are treated in white. To the right, a man in red-brown holds a stick in his hand. The width of the panel depicted: 0.82 m.

606 - In ltinen (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Two bovines and a calf (?) painted in dark ochre. The multiplicity of bovine depictions must reflect the actual importance of the herd during the great Pastoral Period. Nevertheless, it would probably be a mistake to imagine the region where it is found as the present-day Normandy. Evidence of this can be seen in the large herds of the Peuhls today.

607 - Ihérir (in the locality of Ahréné, Tassili-n'Ajjer). – Large ox painted with patterns intended to represent the coat. A comparison should be made with the bovine engraved at Tin-Terhert (photos 578 and 579).

608 - Fadnoun (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – This photo was taken next to the painted elephant presented in the introduction (photo 5). This fresco, painted in white and red ochre, is particularly vivid. It depicts men with canine-like heads, in dynamic poses. The overall scene, completed by animals, evokes a "reportage" style.

609 - Tadras n'Ellias (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – This fresco presents the difficulty of interpreting rock art, as each occupation of the site is marked by a new layer of paintings or engravings over the previous ones. One thinks one can make out engraved bovids, a large animal painted in white, a fragment of white painting in the Séfar style, figures in dark ochre... But assigning each subject to a specific era proves difficult.

610 - Alan-Edoument (Tassili-n'Ajjer). – A "flying gallop" chariot, clumsily crafted. It raises similar reflections to the one presented by the chariot of In Itinen (photo 605), though it has only one axle. Note the absence of a platform.

614 - Alan-Edoument (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Beautiful bovine fresco mixing herders and cattle. The large figure in the center wears a yellow loincloth. It appears to be holding its head and extending something with the left hand. The cow on the right is black, while the other animals and herders are polychrome. The panel measures 0.70 m in width.

615 - Tin-Fina on the Oued n'Tifinar (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Pastoral scene in red ochre. A few figures painted in black are barely visible. Some are standing, others seated. Many carry staffs. It is a scene from daily life that exudes a sense of peace. The panel measures 0.76 m in width.

616 - Tin-Fina (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Another pastoral scene, but this time an active one. On the right, five figures in dark ochre are dressed in the classic short tunic, which seems to be typical of men. Elsewhere, there are bovids and other figures. But at the bottom, there is a “camel” ridden by a man armed with a spear, which brings us into the Berber world. It is now accepted that the “dromedary” was introduced to Africa in the last millennium B.C. Therefore, the dromedary is a later addition. Width: 1.80 m.

617 - Tin-Fina (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Three figures in short leather tunics, similar to those shown in photo 591 taken at Tin-Teferist (Séfar). The one on the right, besides the spear (only the lower part of which remains), may be holding a bow in the left hand. A kind of halo seems to surround the head of the central figure.

619 - Oum Itouami (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - It seems the artist wanted to depict a hunting scene. A mouflon (?) is being attacked by three dogs. It has two arrows or two spears stuck in its body, and a spearman, who also carries a sword at waist level, is about to throw his weapon. The spearman is 0.14 m in height. Painting in red ochre.

620 - Oum Itouami (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - On the left, a man with a “dash-shaped head” holds a long stick or spear. He wears a short tunic, tightly fitting at the waist, typical of his race. In front of him, another man with lighter skin appears to be wearing a garment made of animal skin. He is running towards three oxen, which are notably rendered in brown ochre. The left figure is 0.22 m tall.

623 - Tin-Messeous (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - These decadent giraffes painted in red ochre can be dated through the Tifinagh characters. Width of the depicted panel: 2.20 m.

624 - Col du Tafilalet (Tassili-n'Ajjer). - Third Aqba (Aqba: ascent) towards Tamrit. A slender woman, painted in red ochre, with darker arms. A part of her cloth hangs between her legs. She is in the special starting position for a "sprint". Her measurements from hands to feet: 0.60 m.

639 - Bardaï (Tibesti). - The same scene as the previous one, and in the same style. An unexplained semicircular form is added. From the tail of the central cow to the farthest tip of the horn: 0.68 m.

640 - Bardaï (Tibesti). - Two very curious, elongated figures showing a sex in the shape of a "winding mechanism." The profile is sketched. The postures are accurate. The lines were previously dotted. The man on the right seems to be preparing to throw a spear. He is 0.83 m tall.

650 - Gonoa (Tibesti). - The engraving begins to show the damage from amateur photographers who do not hesitate to rub, wet, or coat it with various products, without concern for preserving this rare artwork. It depicts a naked man with a dog-like profile and harmonious proportions, despite the slightly elongated legs. He carries an unclear, short object on his right shoulder. It is engraved with shallow but regular lines, and the artist adhered to real anatomy for the body. The representation of the sex is direct and clear. Height of the figure: 1.87 m.

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