Photo Gallery

When the Sahara was still green, it was inhabited by numerous representatives of the African fauna, many of which can still be found in the more fertile areas today. As proof, this 2.65 meter-long engraving of an elephant is to be seen in one of the most beautiful and significant rock-art sites from the so-called Bubaline period (Wadi Mathendous, Fezzan, Libya).

Oued in the region of Mathendous - Fezzan - Libya

A lonely tree in a small oued near Wadi Mathendous ... and in between, the empty desert of Fezzan in southern Libya. - 1969

The Wadi Mathendous has carved its bed into the rugged landscape of the Messak noir, in the Fezzan in southern Libya. Following the dead course of the former river, now blocked by boulders, one reaches the famous site of the elephant of In Galjeïen: It is located on the rock that closes off the farthest part of the horizon. - Libya - 1969

Wadi Mathendous. Habeter II - Bubalinic Era. This bovine with monumental horns was contemporary with the Neolithic and disappeared with it. This specimen is equipped with two tails. The scale of the pictured Bubalus is derived from the distance between the tips of its horns: 72 centimetres. Note the small, older (?) ostrich between the horns. - Libya - 1969

Maximilien Bruggmann and his team during the Blaka mission (1969) in Wadi Mathendous (Libya). From 1961 to 2003, Maximilien Bruggmann undertook 18 expeditions to the Sahara. He created two films, took several thousand photos and illustrated four large books. The Equipe Mission Blaka in front of the famous tail crocodile with a length of 2.25 m in the Wadi Mathendous: Philippe Roulet, Jean-Claude Bourgeon, Eva Bruggmann, Zoumri, Jean Garzoni, Maximilien Bruggmann - Libya - 1969

138 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - As at Enneri Blaka, there are cliffs along the edges of river valleys. Very beautiful naturalistic engravings from the Bubaline period depicting giraffes and an elephant. The cracks in the rock are sometimes recent, which damages the depictions. Sometimes they are old, and the artist took this into account. Height of the giraffe, from the hooves to the tips of the horns: 2.25 m.

139 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Enlarged detail of the previous engraving.

140 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Giraffes engraved with continuous, regular, and deep lines. Bubaline period. A smaller, unfinished giraffe precedes them on the right. At the top left: recently etched bovine.

141 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. The antelope in the center has a polished inner surface. A head appears below its neck. The antelope on the left, turned to the right, aligns with another animal turned to the left by the middle of its belly. This "monster" had already been seen by Frobenius. The ungulate in the center is 0.45 m in length.

142 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. As Frobenius described and published it in 1937, this scene is discussed in the chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert." Note the very modern appearance of the costumes.

142 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - (original photo) Bubaline period. As Frobenius described and published it in 1937, this scene is discussed in the chapter "The History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert." Note the very modern appearance of the costumes.

143 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. The original engraving used as the model for L. Frobenius' drawing. Width of the panel shown in Maximilien Bruggmann's photo: 1.90 m.

144 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. This depiction is discussed in the chapter "When Elephants Slept under Saharan Trees." From the legs to the ears: 0.95 m. (See: SAR-007B)

145 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - The famous scene of the monkeys, here all visible. Bubaline period. The three animals in the upper part have their inner body polished. The one depicted below is simply etched with lines. From the bottom of the lower animal's legs to the ears of the right animal: 1.90 m.

146 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale". Enlargement of the monkey: at the top right, a fine engraving appears within its body, but it is not from the same period. The ends of the legs resemble fingers more than claws, which is typical of the monkey.

147 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale". A large elephant faces an undefinable being, called "Meerkatze" by some. Below the elephant’s trunk, a hare or rabbit is clearly identifiable. The width of the depicted rock is 1.80 m.

148 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - An ensemble in which it would be tempting to see Garamantian graffiti accompanied by Tifinar inscriptions. The most interesting part is the figure on the right, despite it certainly being a more recent addition: on a massive rectangular "body" with scales facing upwards, there appears a hemispherical structure whose lower part is inserted into the body. The body itself rests on two medium-sized balls placed on two larger balls. Finally, the scaled structure seems to rest on a narrow band with larger scales. No explanation can be given for this engraving of undetermined age. Height of the figure: 2 m. Width of the body: 1.20 m.

149 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale". A large figure with an animal head and a tail is in a variation of the "Bès position". This ithyphallic figure is accompanied by a smaller replica placed to the right. The magical character of this scene is likely linked to fertility invocations, at a time when the Sahara was already threatened by drought. Note the beautiful ostrich at the center right. From the right foot to the tip of the ear: 1.08 m.

150 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale". A large giraffe, appearing massive but with precise anatomy. Engraving with deep and regular strokes. Below, a very schematic ostrich, perhaps later. Its presumed head is adjacent to a depiction of a trap. The circle above might be a representation of a jellyfish. The "trap" has a diameter of 0.63 m.

151 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Two bovids with forward-facing horns. Above, another trap with a diameter of 0.56 m.

152 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale". The famous crocodile with a tail measuring 2.25 m in length! The depiction of the dermal plates was made with deep lines. Note the Tifinar inscriptions in the top right.

The Equipe Mission Blaka in front of the famous tail crocodile with a length of 2.25 m in the Wadi Mathendous: Philippe Roulet, Jean-Claude Bourgeon, Eva Bruggmann, Zoumri, Jean Garzoni, Maximilien Bruggmann  - Libya - 1969

153 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale". A very beautiful engraving of a bovid with hanging horns. Note the depth of the lines and the cracks in the rock formed after the engraving. Length from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail: 0.72 m.

154 - Detail of the previous one showing the quality of the engraved lines.

155 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale." Beautiful naturalistic elephant engraved with deep strokes. Below, bovids. From the tail to the tip of the trunk: 1.10 m.

156 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale." Two naturalistic giraffes. At the back of the left giraffe, a more recent human figure is seen as if mating with the giraffe.

157 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - The central figure may have been altered (belt, oversized sex). It is followed by an ostrich. In front of it, various much younger engravings: ostrich, human, antelopes. To the left, birds. Width of the depicted panel: 2.10 m.

158 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale." A bovine whose head, according to L. Frobenius, is topped by a symbol, which is uncertain. From the tip of the left horn to the hoof: 0.60 m.

159 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - Two giraffes and two bovids engraved on a vertical rocky surface at the edge of the Oued. From the lowest legs of the large bovine to the head of the giraffes: 1.32 m.

160 - Oued Mathendous. ln Galgien. - Bovid. Bovid period. Notice the line between the horns, which are represented along the axis of the spine. From the tip of the tail to the muzzle: 0.73 m.

161 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - Male bovid (?) with crescent-shaped horns. From the top of the horn to the hooves: 0.35 m.

162 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - Decadent bovid with crescent-shaped horns. Tail in motion. The eyes were not engraved. From the top of the high horn to the hoof: 0.50 m.

163 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - The "sad cow" (!), anatomically correct, with well-marked nostrils.

164 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter II. - Ox with lyre-shaped horns.

165 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - Detail of photo 167 showing a small figure at the back of the giraffe holding its tail. Engraving from the same period. Another figure is masked by the giraffe's legs and carries a bow (?).

166 - Oued Mathendous. ln Galgien. - Two giraffes with traces of internal polishing. The second animal is accompanied by a calf.

167 - Oued Mathendous. ln Habeter III. - The giraffes, whose detail is shown in photo 165. Height of the giraffe from the neck to the hoof: 1 m.

168 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Giraffe drinking. This representation is very rare. The front legs are spread apart.

169 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale." Large elephant. The nature of the rock has caused significant erosion, making the engraving at the head difficult to read. The decoration of the trunk and ears shows an interesting aesthetic pursuit. From the tip of the tail to the front leg: 1.20 m.

170 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Small archer of indeterminate age. He wears "shorts," which is not entirely rare. A piece of leather or fabric (?) hangs between his legs, and the left shoulder's design, dominated by a crook, is difficult to explain. Height: 0.40 m.

170 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - (original photo) Small archer of indeterminate age. He wears "shorts," which is not entirely rare. A piece of leather or fabric (?) hangs between his legs, and the left shoulder's design, dominated by a crook, is difficult to explain. Height: 0.40 m.

171 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Period of the "bubale." Elephant lifting (?) a man with its trunk. Block width: 1.40 m.

172 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Small horse with a polished interior. From the tip of the ear to the hind hoof: 0.57 m.

173 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Engraved bovine with geometric tendencies, featuring a jugular appendage. The horns resemble the shape of a lyre. From the snout to the base of the tail: 0.65 m.

174 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Very beautiful ox, whose contours are engraved with a double line. As is often seen, the abdomen is marked by a vertical line. The lyre-shaped horns are above a clear eye. It is preceded by an antelope with very fine, long horns in the same style. From the left horn of the ox to the base of the tail: 0.65 m. Decadent graffiti between the horns of the ungulate.

175 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Enigmatic figure with no rational explanation. Total height: 0.51 m.

176 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Extraordinary engraving already seen by L. Frobenius. However, in his time, the hole between the legs did not exist. The photo by Maximilien Bruggmann corrects the representation given by L. Frobenius. From head to foot: 0.30 m in height.

177 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale." Mythical scene discussed in the chapter titled "History of a False Idea: Sex and the Desert." Panel width: 1.55 m. (See: SAR-007B)

178 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Period of the "bubale." Beautiful elephant measuring 1.55 m from the legs to the skull. A misjudgment places both tusks to the left of the trunk. The elephants suggest a dense vegetation cover. Note the small figures.

179 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Bubaline period. In fact, the designation *Bubalus antiquus* Duv. was initially abandoned in favor of *Omoïoceras antiquus* Duv., eventually leading to *Pelorouis antiquus* Duv. This bovine with monumental horns is contemporary with the Neolithic and disappears with it. This specimen has two tails. A large bird is engraved between the horns, which are spread 0.72 m apart at their tips.

180 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Three giraffes, including one calf. The coat is depicted with scalariform patterns. The giraffe on the right measures 1.08 m from hoof to the tips of the horns.

181 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - A magnificent bull engraved with deep, regular lines. The tops of the horns are marked with two lines, themselves topped by a disc, in which some see an Egyptian influence, though this is not certain. From the tip of the snout to the end of the tail: 0.60 m in length.

182 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Canids giving the observer the impression of being observed. They are likely fennecs or "sand foxes." Width of the depicted panel: 1.30 m.

183 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Confronted goats. From the top of the horns on the right to the bottom of the legs: 0.60 m.

184 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Fennec in motion. Life-size.

185 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Lionesses with lyrical heads. Total width of the fractured block: 2.57 m.

186 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bubaline period. Ostriches in a circle. Six birds, identifiable by their heads, but only the legs of the first one are visible. The bird at the bottom left is from the same period. A more recent human figure is sketched at the bottom right.

187 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Large elephant from the bubaline period. The engraving lines are sharp and well-followed. The weathering of the rock has cut off the legs above the feet, with the detached fragments lying at the base of the engraving. From the tip of the trunk to the end of the tail: 1.40 m in length.

188 - Oued Mathendous. In Galgien. - Bubaline engraving. Fragment of a mythical figure, whose visible arm shows a cuff with a turn-up. Height of the block: 0.70 m.

189 - Oued Mathendous. In Galgien. - Bubaline period. - A thero cephalic being wearing a medieval landsknecht's beret. Width of the depicted block: 0.82 m.

190 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Detail of an engraved bovine head, showcasing remarkable artistic mastery. Width of the head at the level of the nostrils: 0.58 m.

191 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter I. - Two-tone antelope, with one of the shades obtained through hammering. It is a male measuring 0.44 m from the top of the horns to the front hooves.

192 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Ostrich engraved by puncturing. From the top of the head to the legs: 0.70 m in height.

193 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Two hippopotamuses, with only the upper one being finished. Deep and consistent engraving. Positioned too high on the wall to be measured.

194 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Bovine depicted in the grazing position. Below it, a teratological animal artificially composed of two hindquarters joined at the belly. From one tail to the other: 0.62 m in length. To the right of the tail's origin, a late addition of an animal head to correct (?) the lack of rationality of such a monster.

195 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Lioness with marked claws, her tail bent upwards towards her back. It’s possible this tail actually belongs to a previous engraving. Note the 3 cup-shaped depressions behind the left front paw. From the top of the arch to the lioness’s hind paw: 0.75 m in height.

196 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Giraffe drawn after L. Frobénius. Note the circle enclosing the origin of the neck. The drawing of the legs is awkward.

197 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter II. - Detail of the head from the previous drawing.

198 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Giraffe engraved with a deep line and a highly stylized head, reminiscent of the style of the painter Chirico. Height of the animal: 1.30 m.

199 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter I. - Beautiful engraved ox with lyre-shaped horns. The coat is depicted by alternating reserved and polished areas. Below, another animal is sketched, partially overlapping the first. From the left tip of the horn to the end of the tail: 0.83 m in length.

200 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter I. - Engraving of a bovid. The rendering of the scapula of the right front leg creates an impression of an added limb. The eyes are not shown. From the top of the horn to the end of the tail: 0.83 m.

201 - Oued Mathendous. In Galgien. - Pastoral fresco depicting four bovids: three on the left, one on the right. The coat is represented by alternating polished and unpolished areas. Width of the depicted panel: 1.30 m.

202 - Oued Mathendous. In Habeter III. - Physical destruction of a beautiful rock document. Several fragments have disappeared, and the remaining ones show a shift from the original depiction. The three upper blocks are 1.33 m wide.

203 - Oued Mathendous. In Galgien. - Exceptional engraved elephant from the Bubaline period. This beautiful document is one of the peaks of Saharan rock art and one of the finest line engravings. It highlights the artists' familiarity with their biotope. Note that the length of the tusks was limited by the dimensions of the rock. From the tail to the end of the trunk: 2.65 m long.

Maximilien Bruggmann et Jean Garzoni lors de l'inventaire de l'éléphant sur la photo précédente.