India - Rajasthan – Jaisalmer, fortress town in the Thar desert

India - Rajasthan - Jaisalmer - The reservoir of Gadisar

India - Rajasthan - Jaisalmer - Back from school

Two kids in Jaisalmer (Rajasthan, India). For centuries, this city has been an important junction of caravan routes between India and Persia, the Arab world and the Western world.

In the narrow streets of Jodhpur, below the monumental Mehrangarh Fort, street vendors like this and intricate murals are a familiar part of the everyday cityscape. The woman is stringing together fresh flowers, which in India are used for religious rituals (puja), temple visits and weddings. In the metal basin lie orange and yellow marigolds (Tagetes), which in Hindu culture symbolise purity and the divine. – 1990

A traditional house in the village of Khuri, situated in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. The walls are mostly made of a mixture of clay, straw and cow dung, which provides natural insulation in the extreme desert climate – keeping the house cool in summer and warm in winter. The striking geometric patterns on the exterior walls are called mandana. These ritual wall paintings are traditionally created by women using lime (white) and red clay (geru) to protect the house and invite good fortune. Typical features include the flat roofs, small windows to keep out the heat, and the distinctive wooden door, often painted turquoise or blue. – 1990

A scene from the village of Khuri in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer. The building is a typical mud-brick house with thick walls that keep the interior cool by day and warm by night. The stepped, white-framed doorway is a characteristic architectural feature of this region. A woman wearing a colourful red odhni (veil) balances a water pot on her head, a daily task in water-scarce desert areas. Cattle are an integral part of daily life in Indian desert villages. – 1990

A scene from the village of Khuri in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer. The building is a typical mud-brick house with thick walls that keep it cool by day and warm by night. The stepped, white-framed doorway is a characteristic architectural feature of this region. A woman wearing a colourful red odhni (veil) balances a water pot on her head, a daily task in water-scarce desert areas. – 1990

Cattle market in Phalodi, situated in the heart of the Thar Desert between Jaisalmer and Bikaner. Although camel caravans have become very rare, dromedaries remain important as riding and pack animals in the desert. – 1990

The historic fort of Jaisalmer (also known as Sonar Qila or the Golden Fort), situated in the heart of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India. It is considered one of the few remaining ‘living forts’ in the world. Around a quarter of the old town’s population still lives and works directly within the fort walls today. It was founded in 1156 AD by the Rajput ruler Rawal Jaisal, from whom the city also took its name. The entire complex, as well as the surrounding historic merchant houses (havelis), were built from local yellow sandstone. When the sun shines, the fort glows in a honey-gold hue, earning it the nickname ‘Golden City’. The massive stone blocks were joined together at the time using precise dry-stone masonry techniques (interlocking blocks without cement or mortar). Since 2013, Jaisalmer Fort has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Hill Forts of Rajasthan. – 1990

The city of Jaisalmer lies in the heart of the Thar Desert, some 150 kilometres north-west of Jodhpur as the crow flies. It owed its splendour and wealth entirely to the caravans of the Silk and Spice Routes, which travelled here from Central and South Asia towards the Indus Valley in the west. The city is dominated by the mighty citadel, dating from the 12th to the 16th century. Numerous interior rooms are adorned with paintings and mosaics, and the façades also feature interesting ornamentation. In the lower town are 18th-century palaces, the havelis, which were built for wealthy merchants and boast exceptionally beautifully decorated balconies. The most magnificent building, the Patwah-ki-Haveli from the early 19th century, is particularly fascinating for its incredibly varied chiselled window ornaments. – 1990

The majestic Jaisalmer Fort (also known as Sonar Quila or the Golden Fort), situated in the heart of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, was founded in 1156 AD by the Rajput ruler Rawal Jaisal. It was built from yellow sandstone on Trikuta Hill. The walls shimmer in shades of sand during the day and turn a warm honey gold at sunset. Since 2013, the complex has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Hill Forts of Rajasthan. – 1990

A view of the citadel of Jaisalmer with its imposing, soaring towers, which offer a magnificent panoramic view. French travellers have, quite rightly, called the city the ‘Carcassonne of the Desert’. – 1990

A camel cart, women dressed in traditional colourful saris and a classic car all reflect the lively daily bustle at the foot of the massive defensive walls of the majestic Jaisalmer Fort. The structure is famous above all for its monumental, circular bastions and walls of yellow sandstone, which shimmer like pure gold in the sunlight. It is one of the very few remaining ‘living forts’ in the world, as its interior still houses residential quarters, markets, hotels and centuries-old temples. – 1990

The photograph shows the impressive architecture of Jaisalmer Fort in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The entire structure is built from local sandstone, which has been assembled without mortar using precise interlocking joints. One can also see the typical narrow, ascending alleys, which served a defensive purpose, as well as small, ornate window openings (jharokhas) and stone corbels. In the foreground, a person can be seen wearing traditional Rajasthani clothing with a bright orange turban, which emphasises the region’s distinctive character. – 1990

The historic Suraj Pol (also known as the Sun Gate or Surya Gate) is one of the four successive, massive fortified gates of the famous Jaisalmer Fort in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The gate was built in 1594 and is deliberately designed in a zigzag curve. This military tactic prevented attackers (particularly those with war elephants) from gaining sufficient momentum to breach the gate with battering rams. Above the archway is a delicately carved, semi-circular stone relief imitating traditional Rajasthani motifs. – 1990

One reaches the citadel of Jaisalmer through the magnificent Surya Pol gateway, with its richly chiselled, harmoniously structured façade. Jaisalmer’s decline began with the development of the major sea routes, before the railway dealt the final blow to the caravan route through the desert. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 then put a definitive end to trade with the Indus Valley. However, the constantly simmering conflicts between the two neighbours gave the region a new strategic importance, with the result that today the army and tourism are the city’s main sources of income. – 1990

The building depicts the magnificent Tilon Ki Pol gateway leading to the artificial Gadisar Lake in the desert city of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. Constructed from the region’s characteristic golden-yellow sandstone, this two-storey gateway has one of the most fascinating histories. It was commissioned in the 14th century by a wealthy and famous royal courtesan named Tilon. The then ruler (Maharawal) of Jaisalmer initially rejected the structure. As he used the lake regularly, he felt it was beneath his dignity to pass under a gate financed by a courtesan. He threatened to have the gate demolished. Whilst the king was away on a journey, Tilon had the gate completed without further ado. To permanently prevent the threatened demolition, she placed a statue of the god Vishnu (often described as a Krishna temple) atop the gate. As the building was thus regarded as a sacred site, the king was no longer permitted to destroy it. The gate is notable for its classic Rajput architectural style: the jharokhas are delicate, stone-carved, balcony-like bay windows typical of the architecture in Jaisalmer. Two striking pavilions (chattris) crown the outer corners of the gate. Through the large main arch of the gate, one looks directly out onto the calm waters of Gadisar Lake and the small shrines built within the lake. - 1990

The Gadi Sagar Temple, situated in the middle of the historic Gadisar Lake in Jaisalmer. The pavilion was built from the region’s characteristic golden-yellow sandstone and features ornate arches and a traditional dome (chhatri). The lake was artificially created in the 12th century by King Rawal Jaisal. For centuries, it served as a vital drinking water reservoir for the entire fortified city of Jaisalmer. – 1990

The picture shows an ornately decorated chhatri pavilion on Gadisar Lake in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The artificial lake was built in 1367 by Maharawal Gadsi Singh. For centuries, it served as the vital and primary source of water for the desert city of Jaisalmer. The striking, dome-like pavilions, which stand in or at the edge of the water, are typical features of Rajput architecture. They were constructed from the region’s characteristic golden-yellow sandstone and served as royal cenotaphs, monuments or shaded resting places. – 1990

The intricately carved torana (ornate gateway) of the historic Lodhurva Jain Temple near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. It is an outstanding example of Maru-Gurjara architecture (also known as the Solanki style). The entire structure is built from the characteristic golden-yellow Jaisalmer sandstone. In Indian temple architecture, a torana symbolises the solemn transition from the secular outside world into the sacred, spiritual realm of the temple. The original temple complex was built as early as the 9th century, when Lodhurva was still the capital of the Bhati Rajputs. Following severe destruction caused by invasions, this magnificent gateway was faithfully reconstructed in 1615 AD. – 1990

These buildings in the desert town of Jaisalmer are constructed from the characteristic golden-yellow sandstone of the Thar region. These historic mansions (havelis) dominate the streetscape of the old town. Of particular note are the intricately carved stone balconies with their delicate patterns. – 1990

A lively street scene in a historic, narrow alleyway typical of the architecture in Jaisalmer. The walls and floor are rendered in warm, earthy tones, some adorned with white frames around the doors. The paths are narrow and paved with large stone slabs, which is typical of old fortified towns in Rajasthan. In the middle of the alley, a man stands by a handcart laden with large metal containers, presumably selling milk or water. – 1990

The eye-catching poster at the top left advertises the famous 1989 Bollywood film ‘Maine Pyar Kiya’ (English: I Fell in Love). It features the lead actors Salman Khan and Bhagyashree. This film was a huge milestone in Indian cinema. - Street scene from Jaisalmer featuring a woman in a traditional, bright pink sari. – 1990

A street scene in Jaisalmer. The woman is wearing a classic sari in a striking shade of pink, traditionally wrapped around the body and pulled over the head. On the wall is a faded, hand-painted advertisement for Limca. Limca is a lemon- and lime-flavoured soft drink that is very well known in India; it was launched in 1971 and is now owned by the Coca-Cola Company. The sign above the doorway suggests a furniture shop. On the right-hand side, the rear wheel of a typical Indian roadster bicycle can be seen; this remains the main mode of transport. – 1990

The woman is wearing a traditional odhni (veil/headscarf) over her clothes, which is typical of women in the Thar Desert (Rajasthan). The building is constructed of sun-dried mud bricks, finished with a mud plaster (kucha house). This traditional construction method provides excellent thermal insulation against the extreme heat of the desert regions. – Jaisalmer – 1990

This intricately carved stone façade is located in Jaisalmer Fort in Rajasthan. The fort is world-renowned for its yellow sandstone architecture, which is why it is also known as the ‘Golden City’. The walls are made of local yellow sandstone, which has been assembled without mortar using traditional construction methods. The door on the left has a magnificently carved frame featuring floral patterns and reliefs depicting peacocks and a central wheel (chakra). The ornate, metal-studded wooden doors reflect the region’s classical craftsmanship. – 1990

The picture shows the traditional exterior wall of a mud house in the Jaisalmer area of Rajasthan, decorated with the intricate traditional folk art known as Mandana art. This wall decoration is one of the oldest forms of tribal art in India. It is traditionally applied to walls and floors by women. The paintings are created for festive occasions such as Diwali, weddings or births. They serve to protect the house, welcome deities and attract good fortune. The brown background consists of a mixture of clay and cow dung (Geru Mitti). The white, delicate patterns are painted using a liquid made from white chalk or lime (Khadiya), applied directly by hand or with simple brushes. – 1990

A traditional mud-brick house (kucha) in the Jaisalmer region, decorated with white lime paint. A woman in a red sari stands in the doorway, hanging up a bright orange cloth. The white decorations on the brown mud walls are examples of Mandana art, one of the oldest forms of tribal and folk art in India, practised mainly by women in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. – 1990

A traditional mud-brick house (kucha) in the Jaisalmer region, decorated with white lime paint. Standing in the doorway is a woman in a red sari, hanging out the washing. The white decorations on the brown mud walls are examples of Mandana art, one of the oldest forms of tribal and folk art in India, practised mainly by women in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. – 1990

Two children from Jaisalmer peering out from a richly decorated, traditional stone window (known as a jharokha). Historically, jharokhas in palaces and residential buildings served to allow women and children to look out onto the street without being seen themselves (the purdah tradition). The window features a decorative, pointed roof (Chhatri style), with ornamentation at the base. At the top, it features an elegant, multi-segmented keel arch (curved arch), typical of the Rajput architectural style. – 1990

This portrait depicts a girl named Ambu from Jaisalmer in the Thar Desert in Rajasthan. The name of this desert means ‘the land of the dead’. Yet life thrives there nonetheless, for the girl’s name means ‘water’ – a symbol of hope for a fruitful future. Ambu wears a striking, beaded headband in yellow and red, with a round, golden decorative button attached at the front. Traditional golden earrings hang from her ears, featuring delicate filigree patterns and small green accent beads at the bottom. A red dot (bindi) is applied to her forehead. Her eyes are heavily outlined and emphasised with traditional dark kohl. – 1990

A group of musicians from Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, playing traditional folk music on their instruments. They are wearing the colourful turbans (pagris) and white robes typical of this region. The two box-shaped keyboard instruments (on the left and in the middle) are harmoniums. They produce sound via a built-in bellows, which is pumped with one hand whilst the other hand plays the keys. The horizontal drum on the right is a dholak. It is a double-headed hand drum that is very widely used in Indian folk music. The repertoire often includes Qawwali songs and epic chants that have been passed down through generations. – 1990

An elderly man sits on an intricately carved wooden chair, waiting for customers. He is wearing a traditional turban (pagri), a khaki-coloured jacket and white trousers (dhoti). An everyday scene from Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. – 1990

These elderly men are engaged in deep conversation outdoors, whilst a little girl watches from the background. The group is standing in front of an ornately decorated, sandstone-coloured wall, typical of the architecture in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. – 1990

A street scene in Jaisalmer, showing a traditional cobbler (mochi) working outdoors while a customer wearing an orange turban squats in front of him. – Rajasthan – 1990

An elderly woman sits on the ground operating a traditional mechanical beam balance. She is selling a variety of local vegetables, such as green chillies, aubergines and various leafy greens. – Jaisalmer Market – 1990

At a market in Jaisalmer, a young woman wearing a yellow sari is selling various vegetables: potatoes, onions, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, green chillies, spring onions, etc. – 1990

Red chillies are traditionally sun-dried. The intense sunlight draws the moisture out of them. This prevents mould from forming and allows the chillies to be stored for months or even years. This method also concentrates their flavour and heat. In the background are filled jute sacks. They are used to transport and store the dried chillies before they are sold at spice markets or processed into chilli powder. – Jaisalmer, Rajasthan – 1990

A small shop in Jaisalmer, notable for its wide variety of colourful goods displayed in glass jars. A boy sits relaxed in the shop’s entrance, intently reading a newspaper written in Hindi (Devanagari script). This typical traditional shop, often referred to as a kirana shop or paon shop, makes the most of its limited space. – 1990

At the market in Jaisalmer, we see an impressive collection of traditional, handcrafted clay pots known as matkas. These unglazed clay pots have been used for centuries for the natural cooling and storage of drinking water and food. – The pots are expertly stacked in a sturdy structure to air-dry before being fired in the kiln. – 1990

A large collection of hand-painted clay water pots, known as matkas in Indian culture. Matkas utilise the principle of evaporative cooling. Through the microscopic pores of the unglazed clay, a minimal amount of water seeps out and evaporates, keeping the remaining water inside pleasantly cool even in intense heat. The pots are decorated with characteristic patterns. These include geometric shapes such as zigzag lines, waves, dots and bands of lines, usually applied in white, black and reddish earth tones. The production of these vessels is a craft dating back thousands of years, passed down from generation to generation. Each pot is shaped on the potter’s wheel and then artistically painted by hand. – Jaisalmer – 1990

The impressive façade of Patwon Ki Haveli in Jaisalmer, one of the most significant architectural monuments of the ‘Golden City’. The entire residence was built from the local yellow-gold sandstone for which the desert region around Jaisalmer is famous. The façade captivates with its numerous richly decorated, projecting balconies (known as jharokhas) featuring the finest stone carving, reminiscent of lace or lace borders. The delicate stone lattices (jalis) serve not only as decoration but also allow for constant air circulation, keeping the interior of the building cool even in the extreme desert heat. – 1990

The impressive façade of Patwon Ki Haveli in Jaisalmer, one of the most significant architectural monuments of the ‘Golden City’. The complex was commissioned in 1805 by Guman Chand Patwa, an extremely wealthy merchant dealing in brocade, gold and silver thread, and opium. It is not a single building, but a connected complex of five separate havelis, built over a period of around 50 to 60 years for his five sons. Parts of the complex are now managed by the state heritage authority, whilst another part serves as a private museum (Kothari’s Patwa Haveli Museum), offering an insight into the luxurious lifestyle of the merchant class in the 19th century. – 1990

In the historic desert town of Jaisalmer in the state of Rajasthan, a woman dressed in traditional clothing walks along an alleyway within the walls of Jaisalmer Fort. The buildings are constructed entirely from the region’s characteristic golden sandstone, which is why Jaisalmer is also known as the ‘Golden City’. In the background and to the sides, one can see the intricately decorated stone façades, bay windows and balconies of traditional Indian mansions, known as havelis. – 1990

A tailor sits engrossed in his work at his mechanical sewing machine in the historic desert town of Jaisalmer. The window frame is a typical example of the delicate jharokhas (artfully carved sandstone balconies) for which Rajasthani architecture is famous. – 1990

A woman in traditional dress steps out of an intricately decorated doorway, carrying a gleaming water jug. The massive stone columns and the frame around the door are covered from top to bottom with delicate floral patterns, ornaments and reliefs, of the kind frequently found on the historic haveli mansions in Jaisalmer. An outstanding example of the region’s traditional craftsmanship. – 1990

The famous Salim Singh ki Haveli (also known as Moti Mahal) in the desert city of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. The building was commissioned in 1815 by Salim Singh, the then extremely powerful and equally feared Prime Minister (Diwan) of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer. The upper storey features a striking, sweeping structure modelled on a peacock and is surrounded by a total of 38 elegant balconies, each adorned with unique ornamentation. Due to its ship-like shape, the building is also popularly known as Jahaz Mahal (Ship Palace). The entire façade is constructed from the golden sandstone typical of Jaisalmer. It captivates with its masterfully crafted balconies (known as jharokhas), delicate lattice windows and curved Bengali roofs. – 1990

This relief is located on the outer wall of the historic Lodurva Jain Temple near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, India. This ancient temple complex was once the capital of the Bhatti Rajputs before Jaisalmer was founded. It is renowned for its intricate stonework and delicate carvings in yellow sandstone. - Seated on the back of the richly decorated elephant is a figure in a traditional posture, likely holding a weapon or an elephant goad (ankusha) to guide the animal. – 1990 Latticed windows and curved Bengali roofs. – 1990

A woman walks down a street in Jaisalmer wearing traditional, colourful clothing. She is wearing a pink ghagra choli (a loose-fitting skirt and top) and a patterned red dupatta (veil) covering her head. She skilfully balances a large, rolled-up quilt or mattress on her head. In her right hand, she also carries a full, light-green plastic bag. Carrying heavy loads on the head is a common method of transport in many rural regions of India. – 1990

Barbati, a nomad dressed in the traditional attire of the Bhopa community from the desert region around Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, sits on a stone step with her toddler on her lap. She wears a traditional ensemble consisting of a vividly coloured veil (known as an odhni or dupatta) and a printed blouse (choli), as well as a floor-length, loose-fitting skirt (ghagra). A striking feature is the large, golden nose ring, which is artfully fastened to her hair or ear by a chain. In many rural regions of Rajasthan, this piece of jewellery signifies a woman’s marital status. On her forehead, a round, glittering pendant sits directly at the hairline, a typical element of Rajasthani wedding and festive attire. On her wrists she wears thick, traditional bangles (often made of imitation ivory, bone or colourful plastic), which can cover almost the entire forearm and are firmly rooted in the regional culture. – 1990

The nomad Barbati in traditional, colourful festive dress. The striking pink veil covers her head and is often artfully draped over her shoulders. On her forearms she wears stacked, wide bangles in the traditional colours of white, red and blue, typically made from imitation ivory, plastic or glass. A delicate, traditional tattoo pattern can be seen on the back of her hand. – Jaisalmer – 1990

This portrait of the nomad Barbati is characterised by a wealth of symbolic and ornate jewellery: on her forehead, just beneath her veil, she wears a round, bell-shaped ornament. This piece of jewellery is typical of married women in Rajasthan. A large, delicately crafted nose ring, attached to the hair or behind the ear with a fine chain (often studded with pearls). It is traditionally regarded as a sign of marital status. – Jaisalmer – 1990

The bright pink veil worn by the nomad Barbati covers her hair and is typical of women from the region around Jaisalmer. It serves both as protection from the sun and as a sign of respect. The striking, round ornament on her forehead is a traditional hairpiece often worn by married women in Rajasthan. The large, elaborately decorated golden nose ring is connected to the earrings or her hair by a delicate chain. She wears a bindi on her forehead. Her neck is adorned with several heavy, traditional necklaces (some decorated with coins). – 1990

The bright pink veil worn by the nomad Barbati covers her hair and is typical of women from the region around Jaisalmer. It serves both as protection from the sun and as a sign of respect. The striking, round ornament on her forehead is a traditional hairpiece often worn by married women in Rajasthan. The large, elaborately decorated golden nose ring is connected to the earrings or her hair by a delicate chain. She wears a bindi on her forehead. – 1990

Barbati, a nomad from the Thar Desert, makes chapati, the flatbread known in various forms throughout the Near East. She kneads flour, salt and water into a smooth dough, which she shapes into a round disc between her hands, much like a pizza chef, and then cooks in a pan, turning it several times. – 1990

Barbati, a nomad, is preparing dough outdoors whilst wearing her traditional Indian attire. She is dressed in a colourful ensemble consisting of a dark top and skirt with a floral pattern, as well as a bright pink veil (dupatta or odhni) covering her head. Her jewellery is very striking and includes several necklaces (including one with coin pendants), bangles on both wrists, earrings and traditional headdresses. In front of her stands a clay bowl containing dough, and she is currently shaping a ball of dough with her hands. Next to the bowl is a small bottle of oil. – Jaisalmer region – 1990

Barbati, a nomad, is preparing dough outdoors whilst wearing her traditional Indian attire. She is dressed in a colourful ensemble consisting of a dark top and skirt with a floral pattern, as well as a bright pink veil (dupatta or odhni) covering her head. Her jewellery is very striking and includes several necklaces (including one with coin pendants), bangles on both wrists, earrings and traditional headdresses. In front of her stands a clay bowl containing dough, and she is currently shaping a chapati with her hands. Next to the bowl is a small bottle of oil. – Jaisalmer region – 1990

Making dough for flatbreads is a daily ritual in almost every Indian household. The everyday, unleavened flatbread chapati is made from whole wheat flour (atta) and water. Preparation: Flour and water are mixed in a shallow bowl (often made of clay, brass, or wood, called a parat) and kneaded vigorously until a smooth dough forms. This is divided into small, uniform balls and rolled between the palms of the hands. The balls are either rolled flat with a rolling pin (belan) or flattened by hand. The bread is baked directly in the embers. – Jaisalmer region – 1990

Preparation of Aloo Gobi, a classic North Indian vegetable dish. It consists mainly of cauliflower florets (gobi) and potatoes (aloo). The vegetables are mixed with a yellowish liquid, which is turmeric powder dissolved in water or oil. Turmeric gives the dish its characteristic golden-yellow color. It is usually cooked over an open fire. It is then gently braised or fried in a kadhai (an Indian wok) along with cumin, ginger, garlic, and onions. The finished dish is usually served dry (sabzi) without much sauce and garnished with fresh cilantro. – Jaisalmer – at the home of the nomad Barbati – 1990

Portrait of a young Indian woman in traditional clothing from the Jaisalmer region. Her style of dress and jewelry reflect India’s rural culture. She wears a striped top (choli) paired with a red, patterned skirt (ghaghra) and a matching headscarf (odhni or dupatta). On her wrist, she wears numerous light green glass bangles as well as a wide silver bracelet. Her face is adorned with traditional earrings (jhumkas) and a delicate nose ring (nath). – 1990

This historic, ornately decorated truck (often known as the “Nissan One Ton” or Nissan 4W73) was photographed in the desert region around Jaisalmer. These rugged four-wheel-drive vehicles were originally developed for military use and later adapted for civilian use. The body and the wooden superstructure above the cab are decorated with detailed floral patterns, ornaments, and inscriptions in Hindi and Sanskrit. A large eye is painted on the hood. This widespread symbol traditionally serves as protection against the “evil eye” (Nazar) and is said to protect the vehicle and its crew on long journeys. A curtain made of fine metal chains hangs in front of the front bumper. These fringes swing back and forth while driving, producing a rattling sound that is also believed to contribute to the ritual warding off of evil spirits. An image of a deity is affixed to the top of the front panel, a feature typical of Indian trucks, to invoke divine blessings for the journey. – 1990

This truck is a classic example of the colorful and artistic truck decoration that is a tradition in India and Pakistan. Indian script (Devanagari) can also be seen above the windshield. The license plate displays the letters “RNM.” In the old Indian license plate system (in use until the late 1980s), the combination “RN” specifically stood for the state of Rajasthan. On the left side, a camel pulls a transport cart—a common mode of transportation in Rajasthan. - The vehicle and scenery shown bear a striking resemblance to the famous truck from the Indian film “Road, Movie” (2009/2010), starring Abhay Deol, which was also filmed in the distinctive desert landscapes of Rajasthan. – 1990

Dromedaries and their guides near the city of Jaisalmer. These animals no longer carry spices, but instead transport tourists on excursions in the surrounding area. – 1990

The Thar Desert stretches largely across the Indian state of Rajasthan and parts of Pakistan, and is known for its combination of various desert landscapes. The eroded, rocky hill in the background (Bhakars) is characteristic of the foothills and isolated ridges that repeatedly break through the sandy plains of the Thar. The pronounced wind ripples on the undulating dunes in the foreground reflect the sandy habitats that characterize large parts of the region. The sparse shrubs and grasses in the sand represent the typical xerophytic (drought-resistant) flora of the Thar, such as thorny shrub species (Capparis decidua or Acacia). These deep-rooted plants also serve as important soil stabilizers against wind erosion. – 1990

In the Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, which stretches across northwestern India (primarily Rajasthan) and parts of Pakistan, these small creatures play a remarkable role in the ecosystem. They belong to the family of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae). These beetles use a sophisticated method to obtain water. In the cool morning hours, they position themselves head-down on the dune crests (often referred to as fog-basking). Moisture in the air condenses on their smooth exoskeletons and flows directly into their mouthparts. As saprophages, they feed primarily on organic waste, dried plant matter, and the dung of desert animals such as camels. In this way, they maintain the nutrient cycle of the barren sand dunes. While temperatures in the Thar Desert can reach extreme levels during the day, the beetles escape the deadly heat by burrowing into the sand at lightning speed or seeking shelter under sparse vegetation. – 1990

Much of the Thar Desert consists of flat sandy plains and dune landscapes, some of which are covered with thorny shrubs. In areas without vegetation, such as the famous Sam Sand Dunes near Jaisalmer, one can find striking, untouched ripple structures like the one in the photo. The sand ripples and shifting dunes in the Thar Desert change primarily during the hot summer months due to the strong southwest monsoon winds. The winter winds play a rather minor role. – 1990

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