The giant fortress of Sacsahuamán – Cuzco

The imposing entrance to the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Detail of the wall of the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Detail of an uncu, precursor of the Indian Ponchos.

Two of the seven snakes of the Street Calle de las Siete Culebras - Cuzco

Panoramic view of the sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu

The famous Baño de la Ñusta, the bath of the princess - Ollantaytambo

Golden idols of the Inca Period (Golden Museum, Lima)

Alpacas and lamas in front of the impressive wall of Saqsayhuamán - Cuzco.

The vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals".

Three ulltis or conopas, carefully polished alpaca figures made of black basalt used as votive offerings to the pachamama.

The salt of Maras is still extracted like in the days of the Incas.

Ingapirca in Ecuador was one of the most beautiful monuments of the Inca empire and also the border town in the north.

Inca pottery, small pot of 17 cm in height, with the shape of a human head with stylized braids.

The mysterious Intihuatana of Machu Picchu.

The sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu.

Upon a hilltop in the shadow of mount Huayna Picchu (in the background), the sacred city of Machu Picchu (“old mountain” in Quechua) was erected in the 15th century under ¬the Inca emperor Pachacutec. In 1983 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and in 2007 it was designated as one of the seven new wonders of the world by NewOpenWorld Foundation.

This 24-cm tall and 550-g heavy gold statuette was found in an Inca grave near Nevado Ausangate, 6336 meters high, in the region of Cuzco, Peru (Inka Museum, San Antonio de Abad National University, Cuzco).

The ruins of Machu Picchu – shot here from the top of mount Huayna Picchu – remained forgotten during four centuries before they were rediscovered in 1911 by American archaeologist and researcher Hiram Bingham, from Yale University.

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Vue générale des ruines incaïques de Machu Picchu (Cuzco). - 1969

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Le Cuzco, capitale de l'empire des Incas, était protégée par une énorme forteresse, appelé Sacsayhuamán, composée d'une triple muraille en dents de scie avec des angles rentrants et sortants. Chacun de ces murs mesure une hauteur de près de 10 mètres. - 1969

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Pendant l'Inti Raymi les Indiens, déguisés et masqués, organisent de véritables concours de musique et de danse. - 1969

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Durant l'Inti Raymi on peut voir un Indien déguisé en empereur inca entouré de ses aides. La fête n'échappe pas à un certain romantisme qui n'est pas toujours de très bon goût. - 1969

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Dans le département du Cuzco se trouvent les ruines de villes que les Incas élevèrent entre le 12e et le 1 6e siècle. Celle de Pissac occupe une esplanade qui domine la vallée sacrée des Incas. Les blocs sont taillés dans du granit rose d'une exceptionnelle qualité.

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Les champs de cultures en terrasses sur les flancs escarpés de la Sierra ont permis une utilisation rationnelle de la terre. Ceux de Moray, dans le département du Cuzco, sont de forme circulaire et auraient été employés à la culture de la coca.

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L'architecture inca fait usage de gros et de petits blocs dans un assemblage d'une extraordinaire précision. Le système «polygonal» a servi à la construction de nombreux murs de défense. Nous en avons un exemple frappant à Limatambo (département du Cuzco).

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La Cordillère des Andes est semée de lieux de culte incas. Les bains de Tambo Machay, près du Cuzco, parlent en faveur de l'importance de l'eau dans la vie matérielle et spirituelle des indigènes.

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Machu Picchu, la cité sanctuaire consacrée par les Incas au soleil, ne fut découverte qu'en 1911. Elle se situe dans la Cordillère des Andes, au nord du Cuzco, à une altitude de 3000 mètres.

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Andenes, terrasses de cultures incaïques de Pisac (département du Cuzco).

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Les ruines de Machu Picchu sont dominées par une colline au sommet de laquelle se trouve un monument taillé dans un seul bloc de granit, appelé Intihuatana, c'est-à-dire la «pierre où l'on attache le soleil». Il s'agit sans doute d'un lieu de culte. - 1969

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Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

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A 3.500 mètres d'altitude, la cyclopéenne forteresse de Sacsahuaman domine le Cuzco. Avec ses trois remparts mégalithiques en dents de scie, ce «Maginot» inca «fait honte des pyramides au Nil et comme Atlante, au ciel, arrime l'homme» (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Sertis comme des gemmes précieuses par on ne sait quels fantastiques joailliers, certains blocs de ce puzzle géant, hauts de 9 mètres sur 4 d'épaisseur, pèsent plus de 350 tonnes!

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Derrière la table des sanglants holocaustes, béant sur le fascinant paradis des cimes andines tapissées d'une forêt exubérante, l'admirable muraille du Temple aux Trois fenêtres de Machu Picchu se dresse sur la place du quartier sacré de la célèbre «Cité perdue» des Incas.

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A près de 4.000 mètres d'altitude, Koati, l'île de la Lune, profile ses vestiges inca sur le Titicaca, le grand lac le plus «haut» du monde, que couronnent, au fond, les glaciers immaculés de la Cordillera Real de Bolivie.

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L'une des curieuses portes à grecque scalaire de Iñak Huyo, temple et palais des Vierges de l'île de la Lune. 2000 servants et servantes de Quilla, la Lune-Mère, prenaient soin de ce sanctuaire lambrissé d'argent et en cultivaient les terrasses étagées. Les vestales inca y filaient la précieuse laine de vigogne, entretissée de plumes de colibri et filetée d'or.

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Au coeur du lac Titicaca, dans l'île du Soleil, subsistent les ruines du palais de Manco Capac, l'«Adam» inca, mandé par l'astre-Père, selon la tradition, pour endoctriner les peuples redevenus barbares après un certain «déluge» andin.

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L'Ingachungana, siège impérial de l'Inca à Ingapirca, en Equateur, est sculpté en triangle à flanc d'abîme, à même la roche. Mais il s'agirait, littéralement traduit, du «jeu de hasard» de l'Inca. En forme de «canapé», le dossier en est bizarrement creusé d'une «chaine» de losanges profonds de 8 centimètres, où aurait couru et rebondi une boule de pierre.

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Sans doute construit vers 1490 par Huayna Capac dans la province équatorienne de Hatun Cafiar, Ingapirca fut l'un des plus beaux monuments du nord de l'Empire du Tahuantinsuyo. A la fois palais fortifié, tambo royal et temple du Soleil, il surprend par son inhabituel plan ovale et ses rangées de pierres bombées au reflet vert (longueur: 37,10m; largeur 12,30).

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Parcourue en 1830 par le voyageur français Alcides d'Orbigny, la stupéfiante chaussée pré-inca de Takezi, en Bolivie, pavée de pierres plates, s'étend quasi en ligne droite "par de larges paliers successifs pour vaincre la pente", sur au moins 65 km.

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A Limatambo, à 60 kilomètres du Cuzco, les magnifiques murailles polygonales de Tarahuasi aux niches trapézoïdales soutiennent une ample terrasse nivelée sur 243 mètres de longueur et 6 mètres de haut, d'où l'on domine l'étroite vallée.

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Fendu de-ci de-là de caniveaux pour l'écoulement des eaux de pluie, ce chemin empierré par les Incas descend vers Copacabana, au bord du lac Titicaca. Chaque année, le 6 août, des milliers de pèlerins aborigènes l'empruntent pour aller implorer la Mamacha, vierge indienne miraculeuse.

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«Nombril» sacré de l'Empire du Tahuantinsuyo, aujourd'hui capitale archéologique de l'Amérique du Sud, Cuzco est une triple ville inca, coloniale et républicaine, millénaire et mystérieuse. Face à la Plaza de Armas, l'ancienne Huacaypata cérémonielle, s'élève l'église baroque de la Compania de Jésus, là où se dressait l'Amaru Cancha de Huayna Capac.

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La formidable abside de Santo Domingo n'est autre que le temple semi-circulaire du Coricancha, le fabuleux Sanctuaire du Soleil et de l'Or du Cuzco. A l'arrivée des conquistadors, le 15 novembre 1533, tout ce panthéon scintillait de plaques d'or!

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Six pumas en haut relief ornent la façade d'un original palais aujourd'hui dit «Casa de los Pumas» (Casa Velarde) de la calle Santa Teresa.

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Dans les étroites ruelles de la «Rome» inca, entre les résidences monolithiques décapitées qui supportent un étage «à l'espagnole», cheminent les Indiennes cuzquenas, aux costumes typiques.

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Sur les hauteurs escarpées de Cusilluchayoc qui dominent Cuzco, ces gradins échelonnés suggèrent davantage des sièges où reprendre souffle que de simples escaliers.

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De nos jours comme aux siècles passés, les lamas chargés de besaces joliment rayées qui ne doivent pas peser plus de 25 kilos se reposent dans l'ombre gigantesque des remparts de Sacsayhuamán.

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L'énorme rocher de l'adoratoire de Kenko, à 3 kilomètres du Cuzco, est ciselé à profusion de rigoles, de pitons, de marches, d'autels, d'animaux symboliques. Au centre du grandiose amphithéâtre creusé de dix-neuf niches-sièges en éventail se dressait un totem lithique en forme de puma assis.

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A 3.700 mètres d'altitude s'étagent les quatre terrasses de Tampu Machay, «Balneario del Inca». Des loges en trapèze ornent le plus élégant «temple de l'Eau» consacré aux ablutions lustrales du dynaste et de la Coya son épouse lors de leur union rituelle.

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Unies à la verticale, ces six dalles plates et rectangulaires en porphyre rose, hautes d'environ 4 mètres, forment le monumental «Miroir du Soleil» d'0llantaytambo, au faîte du palais du Sinchi 0llanta, chef des Tampus de la Vallée sacrée qui osa s'opposer à Pachacutec par ses amours interdites avec Cusi Coylor, la princesse «Étoile Joyeuse».

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Dans le doux «Eden » de la Vallée tropicale sacrée des Incas s'étend à 3.100 mètres d'altitude le vaste complexe archéologique de Pisac, l'une des «capitales» impériales. Une trentaine de résidences au style raffiné entourent l'Intihuatana elliptique, voué au culte astral.

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0llantaytambo est l'un des rares et derniers bourgs authentiquement inca où les Quechuas vivent encore dans les palais ancestraux. Tel cet Indien qui coud sur le seuil d'une double portada en trapèze à l'inca.

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A l'issue des obscurs dédales du «quartier des prisons» de Machu Picchu repose une dalle plate et triangulaire en forme de condor couché face au soleil levant. Entre la «collerette» de pierre et le bec recourbé, une rigole recueillait le sang fécondant des sacrifices qui s'écoulait jusque dans les entrailles de la Terre-Mère.

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Ce fardo funéraire d'un mètre de hauteur est visible au Museo de Antropologia y Arqueologia de Lima, Pérou. Quel dignitaire inca se cache derrière un masque d'apparat en cuivre? Quelle princière momie coiffée de fines nattes postiches, le front ceint d'un Ilauto à plumes jaunes, vêtue d'un uncu à dessins géométriques ceinturé d'une cordelière à pompons rouges, emporta pour son voyage posthume une besace aux lamas stylisés selon d'ancestrales traditions?..

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Tissée en coton, prolongée de franges abondantes, l'artistique chuspa d'un Indien coquero d'il y a six cents ans contenait encore sa provision de route de feuilles de coca. Le motif en étoile carrée du haut symbolise le lama céleste, géniteur et protecteur de l'espèce. (Museo regional de Ica, Pérou.)

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Précurseur du poncho indien, l'uncu inca aux dessins linéaires en cinq couleurs qui alternent à l'oblique avec des étoiles à huit pointes vient de la région de Chincha, sur la côte sud du Pacifique péruvien. Hauteur: 97 centimètres, largeur: 77 centimètres. (Museo nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia de Lima, Pérou.)

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La «déesse des Neiges» reposait à 5.634 mètres d'altitude, sur le Pichu Pichu, l'un des trois volcans à «nom de chat» d'Arequipa. Protégés par une chape de glace et de cendres du «feu de la terre», des momies à colliers de turquoise et quarante crânes humains trépanés disposés en cercle parfait entouraient la petite idole d'or, haute de 8 centimètres. (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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Cette autre petite idole féminine de la cime du Pichu Pichu, haute de 14 centimètres, est en argent. Elle était habillée de vêtements miniatures. (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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Ce plat-fontaine cérémoniel en argent du culte de l'Eau provient de Andahuaylillas, aux environs du Cuzco. Devant l'aryballe sur le rebord, on distingue un petit personnage mâchant la coca, et l'abreuvoir aux lamas dont Fun est couché et l'autre sans tête. Cette très rare qocha est percée de trois orifices par où s'écoule le liquide. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Haute de 24 centimètres, lourde de 550 grammes, cette «vierge» d'or pur fut retrouvée dans une sépulture de Hualla Hualla, au pied du Nevado Ausengate, sommet déifié du Cuzco. Dix lames d'or soudées et repoussées modèlent cette conopa, splendide pièce de l'orfèvrerie inca. L'aryballe d'or modèle réduit, haut de 10 centimètres, est originaire d'Acomayo. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Tumi de Pukamoqo (Cuzco) en Ilaqsa ou tumbaga, le savant alliage d'or, de cuivre et d'étain des orfèvres impériaux. Le manche de la hache sacrificielle est surmonté d'une tête de lama aux oreilles et yeux de cuivre pur. Hauteur: 19,5 centimètres. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueobogia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Ce charmant lama miniature (41 millimètres) en argent ornait une sépulture du volcan Quimal, sommet, culminant à 4303 mètres, de la cordillère de Domeyco, au Chili. (Museo de San Pedro de Atacama, Chili.)

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Souvenir de la conquête inca en Equateur, ce bracelet d'argent haut de 11cm et 10,5 centimètres, figure an Museo del Banco central de Quito, Equateur.

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Kero cérémoniel en bois taillé de l'époque dite de «transition inca-coloniale». Sous un soleil, une demi-lune verte semble pleurer comme des flocons de neige (?). De chaque côté, des dignitaires casqués portent un «toast» aux astres vénérés. Des tocapus ornent la bande centrale, et dessous tombent ou volent des kantutas (Kantu buxfolia Juss), fleurs nationales et sacrées des Incas, dont il existe trente-deux variétés (hauteur: 19,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Impressionnant kero inca de bois en «tête de puma» totémique, aux couleurs peu fréquentes, obtenues an moyen de laques résineuses dont les Indiens n'ont pu, de nos jours, retrouver le secret de fabrication (hauteur: 19 centimètres).(Museo e Instituto de Arqueobogia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Non moins frappant est ce kero-portrait en haut relief, «tatoué» de trois bandes superposées noire, marron et rouge. En couvre-nuque, une scène royale dépeint l'Inca, son blason et son épouse, éventés par le parasol de plumes qu'agitent les traditionnels cumillos. Un autre bossu joue de la tinya (tambour) tandis que fleurs et motifs géométriques complètent la décoration (21 x 16 x 11,5 centimètres). (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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La macka est la forme la plus caractéristique de l'aryballe des Incas. De corps sphérique et base conique, flanquée de deux anses basses latérales, la jarre est en outre pourvue, sous le col sphérique, d'une petite tête en relief qui a pour but de retenir la corde avec laquelle l'Indien transporte ba poterie pleine sur son dos. Celle-ci, mise au jour en Equateur, est unique en son genre par le décor géométrique et zoomorphe exceptionnel (hauteur: 23 centimètres). (Museo del Banco central, Quito, Equateur.)

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A peine haut de 10 centimètres, ce petit kero inca est délicatement peint de gracieux sujets nulle part ailleurs représentés sur ces vases des libations rituelles de chicha de maïs. (Museo Yoshitaro Amano, Lima, Pérou.)

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Cruche cérémonielle de Huacaypata, l'antique place sacrée du Cuzco inca. Haute de 28 centimètres, de ravissantes tonalités soulignent les anses-jaguars et les deux serpents allongés qui encadrent un harmonieux panneau géométrique. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Sur fond d'azur dilué, deux napas, lamas blancs aux longs cous croisés, totems des Collas du lac Titicaca, décorent cette céramique plate à deux anses. Elle daterait de la conquête inca (1300-1470) des tropicales vallées boliviennes. (Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

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Cette coquille spiralée d'escargot est une céramique inca de l'Equateur. Elle contient un petit récipient dont l'ouverture mesure 4,5 centimètres de diamètre. Largeur 18 cm - hauteur 9 cm (Museo del Banco central, Quito, Equateur.)

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Né, selon la légende, des dents d'un enfant du Soleil, le mais fut «adoré comme un dieu» dans tout l'ancien Pérou. Des épis de maïs en pierre on Sara Mama étaient enterrés dans les champs, et des choclos d'or, avec les momies. Aujourd'hui encore, quand on sème le maïs dans la sierra, de joyeuses fêtes sont célébrées. (Museo regional de Ica, Pérou.)

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Une autre porra étoilée, en lourde pierre taillée à huit pointes, de l'époque inca (1300-1400). Diamètre: 13 centimètres. (Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

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Ullti de basalte noir soigneusement poli, en forme d'alpaca. On distingue la longue toison et l'épais jabot de laine soyeuse de l'un des auquénidés des Andes. Offrande votive, l'ullti au dos creux fait partie du culte agricole visant à obtenir la fertilité de la terre qui nourrit les troupeaux d'alpacas (longueur: 23 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Très lourd récipient liturgique, sculpté dans la pierre. Circulaire, il mesure, d'une anse à l'autre, 59 centimètres. Des amarus lovés en spirale ou serpentant l'entourent (diamètre intérieur: 31,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Quadrangulaire, ce réceptacle cérémoniel en pierre, lié au culte de l'eau, est orné au fond, en haut-relief, d'un batracien. Tout autour, quatre soleils entre douze ranas que soulignent quatre serpents bicéphales à tête de condor semblent rappeler le thème favori de Tiahuanaco, lieu de la genèse mythique des Incas (largeur: 19,5 centimètres; longueur: 24 centimètres; hauteur: 6,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Enigmatiques et impérissables «testaments» de l'Empire inca du Tahuantinsuyo, les temples s'ouvrent majestueusement sur Inti Cancha, la place cérémonielle du haut quartier magico-religieux de Machu Picchu, que surplombent les quatorze terrasses pyramidales de l'observatoire et acropole solaire où se trouve l'Intihuatana.

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Rien n'illustre mieux la science hydraulique des anciens peuples de la Cordillère des Andes que les seize Amanahuasis, superbes «bains» rituels ou liturgiques qui s'étagent en cascade depuis le faste du «gratte-ciel» des Incas jusqu'aux abîmes qui le défendent.

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Longeant les Barracas en pente et restaurées des antiques agriculteurs, cent escaliers qui totalisent plus de trois mille marches et hauts paliers relient les deux cent soixante palais, temples, sanctuaires, thermes, autels sacrificiels, cavernes à momies et jardins «suspendus» de cet «hymne de pierre», Machu Picchu, qui est un véritable défi à la nature et qui conserve tous ses secrets!

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Absolument invisible depuis le fond du sauvage canyon de l'Urubamba, dressée à 2500 mètres d'altitude dans l'ombre du Huayna Picchu, enchâssée dans un imprenable piédestal granitique, la fantomatique «Cité perdue» de Machu Picchu le demeura au sens réel du mot durant quatre cents ans avant que ne la retrouve miraculeusement, en 1911, l'explorateur américain Hiram Bingham.

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Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

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Pachacamac: Le plus grand sanctuaire de la côte péruvienne, consacré au dieu créateur de l'univers, fut investi par les Incas, comme en témoigne cette porte en «trapèze».

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Ollantaytambo: le fameux ‘Baño de la Ñusta’, le bain de la princesse ‘Etoile joyeuse’, qui venait ici pour recevoir l'eau purificatrice descendue des glaciers andins.

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu from a different angle. In the middle the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

Machu Picchu - Sacred Square - Main Temple and Temple of the three windows - the staircase leads to the Intihuatana - 1969

Machu Picchu - view through one of the windows of the temple of the three windows - 1969

Between Cuzco and Abancay, at an altitude of 3,500 meters, emerges a fascinating monolith! Carved in a lava dome more than 2 meters high, between “temples”, lagoons-receptacles and canals, stand out some two hundred allegorical figures: lying dead, pumas, snakes, vicuñas, monkeys, lizards, toads and scorpions. Perhaps Sayhuite's stone “model” was linked to spells and rites of pluviomagic ... - 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

The twelve-angled stone is a stone block that is part of a palace located on Hatun Rumiyoq street, in the city of Cuzco. Today, the stone is part of a wall of the palace of the Archbishop of Cuzco, which was previously the residence of Inca Roca, the sixth sovereign of the kingdom of Cuzco. - 1969

In the gentle "Eden" of the sacred tropical Valley of the Incas, at an altitude of 3,100 meters, the vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals", extends. About thirty residences in a refined style surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the sun cult. - 1969

This wall of a palace in Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley is amazing. Undoubtedly, the spikes that emerge from this incredible “set of cubes” served to lift and place huge monoliths with perfectly joined angles. - 1969

Ceramic Inca Costeño - water carrier with monkeys - height 18 cm - original from the Nazca Valley, around 1370 - the container on the left is a potato - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Huaco Inca on the north coast - with a dead man - Anthropological Museum - Lima - 1969

Double vase with monkeys - height 16 cm - Inca Norteño - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Double jug with monkeys - Inca costeño - height 17 cm - around 1370 - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Double jug with bird - Inca - Colonia (transition) - excavation in Tacaraca, Ica - 15th century - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Jug or barrel, width 18 cm - excavation in Tacaraca, Ica - around 1370 - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Vessel with 2 sun virgins and the Qantú flower - height 11 cm - in Quechua it is called Aisana - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Unique vases, height 34 cm, with sun virgins, stylized puma head and the Qantú (Cantuta = national flower) - found in Limaqpampa, Cuzco - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Inca Lambayeque ceramics – man, 23 cm high - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca norteño - cat with open mouth - height 19.5 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca Norteño - Black ceramic - length 26 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Ceramic container in the shape of a house - height 23.5 cm - on the bottom side with a puma head - Inca Culture - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Glossy black ceramic - Head - height 29 cm - Chimú-Inca - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Ceramic - Snake with decorations - length 39 cm - Inca norteño - Pacha type for water worship - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Inca ceramic - height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca vessel in the shape of a human head with stylized braids - height 17 cm - Cuzco area - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Black ceramic - Chicha charger - Chimú-Inca - Origin Lambayeque Region - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Jar with head - Inca costeño - Nazca Valley - height 18 cm - around 1370 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Huaco with truncheon (star to hunt) - Chimú-Inca - height 17 cm - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Jar - Tallán to Inca transition - 1470 to 1532 - Late Chimú - height 25 cm - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Inca ceremonial ax with feline and turquoise inlays - 24 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca silver pectoral - width 15 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca silver pectoral - width 16 cm, height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Golden lama - Origin: Teteqaqa, near Cuzco - height 82 mm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Musicians - Inca Norteño - weight 3 g each, height 33 mm - silver, copper and gold alloy - 15th century - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Silver vase with two heads - Inca Costeño - around 1370 - Pisco valley - height 20 cm - Regional Museum of Ica

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Inca idol from the top of the Pichu Pichu volcano (5500 m) - Height 14 cm - Museum of the National University of San Agustín, Arequipa - 1976

Silver Inca idol - Cuzco Region - height 10.5 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Inca culture gold idol - height 24 cm - weight 550 g - found in a tomb at the foot of the Ausangate mountain - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the National University of Cuzco - 1976

Gold and silver idol - Inca culture - height 24 cm - the gold one weighs 550 g - found in a tomb of Hualla Hualla at the foot of the Ausangate mountain - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the National University of Cusco - 1976

Silver idol representing a woman - height 57 mm - from an Inca sanctuary at the top of the Pili volcano in Chile - 6050 m - Museo San Pedro de Atacama - 1976

Objects from a sanctuary inca at the top of the Pili volcano in Chile - 6050 m - above: bag of coca, feather duster, hair / below: cotton shirt, man carved in shell from the Caribbean Sea, poncho - Museo San Pedro de Atacama - 1976

Inca / Colonial - glass necklace - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Imperial Inca - around 1470 - height 22 cm - National Museum of Archeology - La Paz - Bolivia - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca culture - around 1470 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca culture - height 90 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Aysana - height 18.5 cm, with Virgin of the Sun (width 4 cm) - ceramics from the Cuzco area - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca costeño - Ica valley - around 1370 - height 34 cm - Ica Regional Museum - 1976

Aríbalo - with representation of a man - Nazca Valley - around 1370 - height 32 cm - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Aríbalo, urpu in Quechua - Inca costeño - around 1370 - height 19 cm - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca / Chancay Culture - comes from the Lauri site - height 30 cm - Amano Museum, Lima - 1976

Aríbalo with tassels - Inca Norteño - height 19 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca ear ornament - Cuzco region - diameter 43 mm, thickness 2 cm - Museo de Oro del Peru, Lima - 1977

Three ulltis or conopas, carefully polished alpaca figures made of black basalt used as votive offerings to the Pachamama - heights: 8 cm, 9.5 cm, 10 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Ceremonial vessel for the cult of water - length 25 cm, hole 10 cm diameter - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the University of Cuzco - 1976

Macana Inca Costeño in stone and Huarango wood - silver inlays and feathers - length 58 cm - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Kero of polychrome ceramic - Inca - height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Classic Kero No. 49 - with platinum repair - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero from the transition period Inca colonial - with Tocapus ornaments - Cuzco zone - height 22 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero Nro. 50 - Archaeological Museum Cuzco - 1976

Kero Inca - The houses represent granaries (Qolqas) - with drawings of plants for food (white corn, two varieties of chili pepper) - height 24 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero with Tocapus in the center and flowers in the lower part - Inca-Colonial Transition - height 19.5 cm - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Kero Nr. 55 (back) - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero Nr. 55 - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero 'Selva' of Inca-Colonial transition - Cuzco area - height 18.5 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero with Tocapus - Inca-Colonial Transition - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Kero Inca with feline and condors - Cuzco area - height 25 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero Inca with stylized puma head - Cuzco region - height 19 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Wooden Kero number 52 - height 19.5 cm - Period of transition to colonial Inca - with Tocapus = Inca letters - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Wooden Kero No. 53 - Period of transition to colonial Inca - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Wooden Kero number 52 - height 19.5 cm - Period of transition to colonial Inca - with Tocapus = Inca letters - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Quipus Inca - Detail of a Quipus 3m long by 30cm high - Nazca Valley - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Tassel - Inca period - length 30 cm - National University of San Agustín, Arequipa - 1976

Coca bag - Inca - height 66 cm - Museum of Anthropology, Lima - 1977

Ceremonial shirt from the Inca period (Coast) - 15th century - height 88cm and width 77.5 cm - squares 75x75 mm - Nazca valley - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Unku of the emperor with central Tocapus, detail (88 different figures) - Archaeological Museum Cuzco - 1976

Fabric with decorations of stylized people and lamas - width 30 cm, height of people 37 mm - Inca costeño culture - Nazca valley - around 1370 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Inca costeño fabric with representation of stylized feathers - around 1370 - Nazca Valley - width 26 cm - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Inca fabric - Lauri, Chancay - Amano Museum Collection - Lima - 1976

Inca Weaving from Pisquillo, Chancay - with Chacana - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

Inca-Chancay fabric - with green and red - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

Inca-Chancay fabric - with different browns - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

The internal drainage system of the terraces of Machu Picchu, created by the Incas, consisted of three layers, a first layer of mulch, a second of sand and a third of gravel. These layers allowed the water sucked in by the terraces not to flood the terraces, but to run downhill and be quickly absorbed without creating landslides that would endanger the city and its inhabitants. - 1976

Along the partly restored Barracas of the former farmers, 100 stairs with more than 3000 steps run down the slope. They connect 260 palaces, temples, sanctuaries, thermal baths, sacrificial altars, caves of mummies and "hanging gardens" and make Machu Picchu a "stone poem". . . a challenge of nature ... an unfathomable secret. - 1976

The imposing entrance to this palace in Ollantaytambo is amazing. Undoubtedly, the stone cones on the incredible "dice game" of the Incas were used for this purpose. Lifting the gigantic monoliths into place and putting them together without gaps. - 1976

Inca basket - diameter 19 cm - comes from an Inca grave in Solcor - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (province Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Burial gift of the small, about 9 year old Inca prince from Cerro el Plomo in Chile, who had been offered to the sun god as a sacrifice of atonement and was discovered in 1954 - see photo KDI-111 - in a refrigerated display case in the Museo de Santiago, Chile! - 1975

Character representing the Inca with offerings - Inca culture 1300-1400 - Height 21 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

A panoramic view of the city of Cusco, taken from the hills near the Sacsayhuamán fortress. The name Cusco means ‘Navel of the World’. According to Inca mythology, the sun god Inti sent his children, Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo, down to Earth. They were to found a city wherever a golden staff sank effortlessly into the ground – this happened in the fertile valley of Cusco. In the 15th century, the ninth Inca ruler, Pachacútec Yupanqui, radically transformed the city. He expanded Cusco in the monumental stone style and arranged the city plan in the shape of a puma – the symbol of power and strength. The head of the puma was the zigzag fortress of Sacsayhuamán. – 1969

Cuzco, situated at 3,500 metres above sea level and known as the ‘Navel of the World’, was founded by the Incas around 1100 AD. In 1536, the conquistadors destroyed the city and rebuilt it in the Spanish style, making use of many Inca foundations. Thus, the buildings themselves clearly illustrate the coexistence and simultaneity of two peoples and cultures, as is evident in the colourful street scene. The vast majority of the 120,000 inhabitants, however, are still indigenous people. Cuzco is the starting point for visits to most of the major Inca sites such as Pisac, Machu Picchu, Ollantaytambo and Sacsayhuamán, but it also boasts magnificent examples of Spanish colonial architecture: the cathedral, the Jesuit church of La Merced, the churches of Santo Domingo – built on the site of the ancient Inca sun temple – and Belén de los Reyes. During the reconstruction following the 1950 earthquake, efforts were made to restore the churches to their original appearance from before 1650. - Book: Picture 80 - Peru - 1969

The historic Hatun Rumiyoq alley in Cusco features a masterfully constructed Inca wall made of massive, perfectly hewn blocks of green diorite. These blocks originate from the original palace of the Inca ruler Inka Roca. The stones were fitted together so precisely, without any mortar, that not even a knife blade can fit between them. Following the Spanish conquest, the conquistadors erected their own buildings on top of the extremely earthquake-resistant Inca foundations. The white façade in the upper section belongs to what is now the Archbishop’s Palace. Roughly in the middle of this wall lies the world-famous "Piedra de los 12 ángulos". This single stone has exactly twelve corners, which fit seamlessly into the surrounding wall. – Peru – 1969

Alpacas and llamas graze in front of the impressive zigzag walls of Sacsayhuamán, a monumental archaeological site of the Inca civilisation situated directly above the city of Cusco. The fortress was built in the 15th century under the Inca ruler Pachacútec Yupanqui. The heaviest stones in the complex weigh over 100 tonnes. The blocks were hewn with such precision and fitted together without mortar that often not even a sheet of paper can fit between them. The historic city plan of Cusco was laid out by the Incas in the shape of a puma – the symbol of the earthly world. Sacsayhuamán formed the head of the puma, whilst the zigzag-shaped walls represented the animal’s teeth (or the lightning bolts of the thunder god Illapa). The entire complex served primarily as a ceremonial and religious centre. Today, only around 20% to 40% of the original structure remains. The Spanish removed the smaller stones to build colonial churches and houses in Cusco; however, the gigantic megaliths forming the foundations remained firmly in place. – 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

A re-enactment of the Inti Raymi (‘Festival of the Sun’), a traditional ceremony from the Inca period honouring the sun god Inti. Originally established by Inca Pachacútec around 1430, the festival marks the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere and the Inca New Year. The event takes place every year without fail on 24 June. The photograph shows people dressed as Inca rulers, wearing traditional headdresses, colourful robes and carrying ritual vessels. – Cusco – Peru – 1976

The photograph shows a large crowd sitting on the historic Inca stone walls of the Sacsayhuamán fortress in Cusco, watching the re-enactment of the ancient rituals and dances of the traditional Inti Raymi sun festival up close. – Peru – 1976

A kero, a wooden ritual cup from the early colonial period (height 19.5 cm). The colourful illustrations in the style of the chronicler Huamán Poma de Ayala depict the Inca on his golden throne holding keros – on this side, however, only two warriors with spears and shields can be seen. The graphic representations on the central ring are interpreted as tocapus or a form of writing. Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru. - Book: Picture 128 - Peru - 1976

A typical vessel of Inca culture, a so-called Type A aryballos (height 34 cm, mid-13th century) in the Coastal Inca style from the Ica Valley. The paintings vary depending on the region. Museo Regional de Ica, Peru - Book: Picture 123 - Peru - 1976

The picture shows a quipu, a complex and enigmatic system of knotted cords that was used by the Incas and other earlier Andean cultures for data storage and administration. A quipu consists of a horizontal main cord from which numerous coloured subsidiary cords of varying lengths hang down. The type of knots, the colour and length of the cords, and the position of the knots were used to encode primarily numerical data (such as tax figures or stock levels), but possibly also narrative information and calendar dates. To this day, the exact codes of this ‘knotted script’ have not been fully deciphered, making it one of the most fascinating examples of pre-European writing and administrative history in South America. – Peru – 1976

The image shows how an Inca quipu (khipu) works – a system of knotted strings used to represent numbers in the decimal system. This specific example illustrates an addition problem. The horizontal dotted lines divide the strings into place values (from top to bottom: hundreds, tens, ones). String Ba: 1 hundred, 3 tens, 4 ones = 134 String Bb: 3 hundreds, 2 tens, 9 ones = 329 String Bc: 0 hundreds, 7 tens, 1 unit = 71 String C (total): 5 hundreds, 3 tens, 4 units = 534 The mathematical equation is: 134 + 329 + 71 = 534

A 3.700 m de altitud se alzan las cuatro terrazas de Tampu Machay, el «baño del Inca». Unos nichos trapezoidales adornan el «templo del agua» más elegante, que servía para la purificación ritual del monarca y su esposa, la Coya, con motivo de su unión ritual. – Cuzco – Perú – 1969

Three kilometres from Cuzco stands the huge rock of the Kenko sanctuary, which is covered with grooves, jagged edges, steps, altars and animal symbols. In the centre of the magnificent amphitheatre, surrounded in a fan-shaped arrangement by 19 niches or seats, stood a stone totem in the shape of a seated puma. – Peru – 1976

The picture shows the colonial church of Nuestra Señora de Monserrat in Chinchero. The village lies around 30 kilometres north-west of Cusco at an altitude of approximately 3,762 metres. The Spanish built the church in the early 17th century (around 1607) directly on the foundations and palace walls of the Inca ruler Túpac Yupanqui. – Every Sunday, the large square in front of the historic complex is transformed into a lively, colourful hub of Andean culture: the traditional Sunday market. The market is a real meeting place for the indigenous population. Families from the surrounding mountain communities travel there to trade crops such as potatoes, quinoa and broad beans directly, or to swap them amongst themselves. The women from Chinchero wear their traditional red and black costumes. They sell world-famous, hand-woven alpaca products and demonstrate how the wool is dyed using natural plants and insects (cochineal). – 1976

The picture shows the impressive archaeological site of Moray, a historic Inca terraced complex in Peru. It is situated on a high plateau in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, around 50 kilometres north-west of Cusco. The funnel-shaped design creates a temperature difference of up to 15 °C between the top and bottom terraces. The Incas used these zones to gradually acclimatise and cultivate crops from other parts of the empire (such as the coast or the tropical lowlands) to the harsh high-altitude climate of the Andes. – Peru – 1969

According to legend, Ayar Cachi was locked away by his three brothers in a cave on Mount Tamputoco. Trapped in the darkness and deeply saddened by the bitter betrayal of his own family, Ayar Cachi began to weep inconsolably. His salty tears of anger and despair flowed out of the mountain in vast quantities. They gathered in the valley in thousands of tiny pools. Over time, the scorching Andean sun dried out these pools, leaving behind the white and pink salt that is still harvested today. Over 3,000 small, terraced basins are fed by an underground, highly saline thermal spring called Qoripujio. – The Maras salt flats in a side valley of the Sacred Valley of the Incas – 1969

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The famous Inca ruin city of Machu Picchu, photographed from the opposite peak of Huayna Picchu. On the left, on the hillside, you can see the winding road (Carretera Hiram Bingham) along which buses climb up from Aguas Calientes. The photograph looks south from the higher slopes of Huayna Picchu towards the ridge below, on which stands the citadel of Machu Picchu. The agricultural terraces and stone buildings of the historic Inca site lie at an altitude of around 2,430 metres. – 1976

Completely hidden from view from the bottom of the wild Urubamba Valley, the ‘lost city’ of Machu Picchu stands enthroned on an impregnable granite pedestal at a dizzying altitude of 2,500 metres, in the shadow of Huayna Picchu. It remained hidden for 400 years until the American explorer Hiram Bingham miraculously rediscovered it in 1911. – 1976

The Inca mountain fortress of Machu Picchu, situated at an altitude of 2,690 metres, set against the cone of Huayna Picchu. None of the Spanish conquistadors mention this city on the edge of the jungle, overlooking the River Urubamba (on the right), one of the headwaters of the Amazon. Like other pucaras (fortified settlements), Machu Picchu was self-sufficient in an emergency, but the terraced fields could feed no more than 500 people. This late Inca complex contains buildings of various styles, foremost among them the Royal Palace, constructed from beautifully hewn granite blocks with trapezoidal gateways and window openings. But there are also densely packed, simple stone huts and barrack-like quarters for the soldiers. An oval tower – the only one of its kind – has led to speculation that Machu Picchu was further expanded even after the arrival of the Spaniards. The city was not discovered until 1911 by an expedition searching for the legendary last Inca fortress, Vilcabamba. - Book: Picture 81 - Peru - 1976

The mountain fortress of Machu Picchu, Peru. Initially, it was believed that the various types of masonry found in Cuzco, Machu Picchu and other Inca structures dated from different periods. Today, it is thought that both the walls constructed from interlocking megalithic blocks and those made from smooth, uniformly sized stones, as well as the mortar-bonded fieldstone technique were all employed by the same master builders from the period after 1440, depending on their intended purpose: the megalithic construction method for retaining walls, smooth, evenly rounded ashlars for representative buildings, and mortar-bonded rubble stone walls – alongside adobe bricks – for functional buildings. In Machu Picchu, however, various elements, such as the oval Torreón, suggest that construction continued here even into the colonial period. Inca architecture otherwise features only rectangular or trapezoidal shapes, and vertical arches are completely absent, which, for example, imposed certain limitations on the construction of gates. - Book: Picture 125 - Peru - 1969

The Intihuatana, the ‘resting place of the sun’ or ‘stone to which the sun is tied’, at Machu Picchu. Depending on the shadow cast by this stone, the Inca priests determined the season and thus the time for sowing, an approaching rainy season, and so on. - Book: Picture 127 - Peru - 1976

Along the partly restored Barracas of the former farmers, 100 stairs with more than 3000 steps run down the slope. They connect 260 palaces, temples, sanctuaries, thermal baths, sacrificial altars, caves of mummies and "hanging gardens" and make Machu Picchu a "stone poem". . . a challenge of nature ... an unfathomable secret. - 1976

The imposing, snow-capped peak of Nevado Salcantay (6,271 m) lies directly to the south of the Inca citadel. It forms the geographical and spiritual centre of the region. For the Incas, Salcantay was one of the most important deities (apus), controlling the weather, the rain and the fertility of the region. Viewed from the central sundial rock (Intihuatana) in Machu Picchu, the Southern Cross stands directly above the summit of Salcantay at its highest point during the rainy season. On a clear day, the mountain’s white, ice-capped pyramid rises high in the south, towering far beyond the green ridges and ruins, lending the site a deeper sacred dimension. – Peru – 1976

The picture shows the Sacred Valley of the Incas (Spanish: Valle Sagrado de los Incas) in the Cusco region of Peru. The Urubamba River (also known as the Río Vilcanota) winds its way through the fertile valley. In the background and on the slopes, you can see the characteristic agricultural terraces (andenes) built by the Incas, as well as winding roads. – 1976

The Sacred Valley of the Incas (Valle Sagrado de los Incas) in the Cusco region of Peru. On the left in the background, the Urubamba River (Río Urubamba) flows through the flat valley floor. On the right-hand side, the characteristic, curved agricultural terraces of the Incas can be seen. These served to make steep mountain slopes cultivable, prevent erosion and create microclimates for various crops (primarily maize). The flat floor of the Urubamba Valley is divided into regular, chequerboard-like fields and is still used intensively for traditional farming today. A historic, highly sophisticated system of canals runs through the fields, channelling meltwater from the surrounding Andean glaciers directly onto the cultivated land. – 1969

The picture shows the archaeological complex of Písac, one of the most significant Inca ruins in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Peru. The site is perched on a ridge above the town of Písac and is renowned for its gigantic, stepped agricultural terraces (andenes). These terraces were masterfully integrated by the Incas into the steep mountain slopes to create microclimates for the cultivation of various crops (primarily maize) whilst preventing soil erosion. At the top of the cliff, the stone remains of Inca outposts and residential buildings can also be seen, which served to defend and monitor the valley. – 1969

In a widening of the deeply incised Urubamba Valley, which links Cuzco with Machu Picchu, lies the small town of Pisac, famous for its Sunday market. On the slopes above the town, artfully laid out agricultural terraces have stretched upwards since Inca times, transforming even the steepest mountain flanks into gigantic staircases that were used for growing potatoes, maize, oca and quinoa. - Book: Picture 126 - Peru - 1976

In the idyllic ‘Eden’ of the tropical sacred valley of the Incas, the great ruined city of Pisac, one of the ‘capitals’ of the empire, stands at an altitude of 3,100 metres. Around thirty residences of the finest architecture surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the worship of the sun. – 1969

The impressive Inca ruins of Písac, situated in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in the Cusco region of Peru. The archaeological site lies on a mountain ridge high above the village of Písac and the River Urubamba. It is famous for its sophisticated architecture, the extensive agricultural terraces (andenes) and its strategic and religious significance during the Inca Empire. In the foreground is the Q’alla Q’asa sector, which, according to researchers, probably served as a residential quarter for guards, soldiers or priests. The buildings are precisely constructed from stone and nestle perfectly against the steep terrain. In the centre lies a sacred rock – the ‘place where the sun is tied’ – which served as an astronomical calendar for the Incas to determine the solstices. – 1976

The central ceremonial area known as Intihuatana within the Parque Arqueológico de Písac in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Peru. The most striking feature in this area is the semi-circular, D-shaped wall in the top right-hand corner of the picture. It encloses the sacred Intihuatana stone. In Quechua, the term means ‘place where the sun is tied’. It is a pillar hewn from natural rock which served the Incas as a precise solar compass, an astronomical observatory and a ritual altar for determining solstices and harvest cycles. The precise stonemasonry (masonry of finely hewn pink granite without mortar) clearly distinguishes this royal and religious precinct from the simpler residential or military structures in the rest of the fortress. – 1976

Isla del Sol (Sun Island) on Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, with the snow-capped peaks of the Cordillera Real in the background. In Inca mythology, the island is regarded as the birthplace of the sun and is home to numerous archaeological sites. In the foreground, typical historic terraced fields and ruins can be seen. – Bolivia – 1976

This is one of the unusual gateways featuring the stepped meanders of Iñakuyu, the palace and temple of the maidens on the Moon Island. 2,000 male and female servants of the moon goddess Quilla tended this silver-clad sanctuary and cultivated the terraced fields. The Inca vestal virgins spun their precious vicuña wool there and wove it together with hummingbird feathers and gold. – Bolivia – 1976

On the boat trip from Moon Island back to the mainland. In the background, you can see the snow-capped peaks of the Cordillera Real. In Inca religion, Moon Island is regarded as a sacred place where, according to legend, the creator god Viracocha commanded the moon to rise into the sky. The island is home to the ruins of the Inca temple of Iñakuyu (Palace of the Sun Maidens), where selected women performed ritual duties. Bolivia – 1976

The world-famous Takesi Trail (Camino Precolombino Takesi) in Bolivia, one of the best-preserved sections of the pre-Columbian Inca Trail within the historic road network. The perfectly laid, flat paving stones and drainage channels were originally constructed by the Tiwanaku and Inca cultures. They protect the steep mountainside from severe erosion caused by rainwater. The highest point of the Inca Trail is the windswept Apacheta Takesi Pass, which runs at a spectacular altitude of 4,640 metres right alongside the snow-capped flanks of Mount Mururata. The photograph shows the paved ascent to this mountain pass. – Bolivia – 1976

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